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‡ Standing erect

‡ Face forward

‡ Arms at the sides

‡ Palms and toes

directed forward
 Rertain terms are used to describe :
- The location of body parts
- Region of the body
- Imaginary planes by which the body can be
sectioned
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ïsed to describe the location of one body part

in relation to another.
‡ Ô
 
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± A body part is located
toward the front : The
windpipe ( trachea ) is
anterior to the
oesophagus

‡
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± A body part is located
toward the back : The
heart is posterior to the
sternum ( breastbone )
‡ 

  
± A body part is
located above
another part, or
toward the head :
The face is superior
to the neck

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± A body part is below
another part, or
toward the feet : The
navel is inferior to
the chin
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± A body part is nearer
than another part to
an imaginary midline
of the body : The
bridge of the nose is
medial to the eyes

‡ Ô

± A body part is farther
away from the
midline : The eyes
are lateral to the
nose
‡

± A body part is closer to
the point of attachment
or closer to the trunk :
The elbow is proximal
to the hand

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± A body part is farther
from the point of
attachment or further
from the trunk or torso :
The hand is distal to
the elbow
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± A body part is
located near the
surface : The skin is
superfisial to the
muscles

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± The body part is
located away from
the surface : The
intestines are deep
to the spine
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± A body part is situated at
the center to the body or
an organ : The central
nervous system is
located along the main
axis of the body

‡




± A body part is situated
away from the center of
the body or an organ :
The peripheral nervous
system is located outside
the central nervous
system
‡ 
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± A body part is on the
same side of the
body as another
body part : The right
hand is ipsilateral to
the right foot

‡ Ô Ô

± A body part is on the
opposite side of the
body from another
body part : The right
hand is contralateral
to the left hand
 REGIONS OF THE BODY
Ran be divided into AXIAL and APPENDIRïLAR
portions

‡ AXIAL PORTION
± Head & Neck
± Trunk : Thorax ,
abdomen , pelvis

‡ APPENDIRïLAR
PORTION
± The upper limbs
± The lower limbs


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The skeletal system consist of the bones
( 206 in adult ) and joints,
along with the the cartilage and ligaments that occur at
the the joints

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‡ LONG BONES
± Are longer and they are wide
‡ SHORT BONES
± Are cube shaped; their lengths
and widths are about equal
‡ FLAT BONES
± Are platelike and have broad
surfaces
‡ IRREGïLAR BONES
± Have varied shapes with many
places for connections with other
bones
‡ ROïND BONES
± Are circular
‡ PNEï ATIR BONES


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‡ Extends from the skull to the pelvis
‡ It consists of a series of separate bones,
the VERTEBRAE · intervertebral disks (
fibrocartilage )
± 7 RERVIRAL ( neck ) V
± 12 THORARIR ( chest ) V
± 5 SARRAL V · fused to form the
SARRï
± 5 Lï BAR ( lower back ) V
± 3 to 5 RORRYGEAL V · fused into one
coccyx
‡ In the fetus, the VR has but one curve ·
concave anteriorly
‡ Protects the spinal cord ·
VERTEBRAL RANAL
 Ô

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‡ Romposed of :
± THORARIR VERTEBRAE( 12 )
± RIBS and ASSORIATED RARTILAGES ( 12 )
‡ 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the
back
‡ The upper 7 pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum by means
of costal cartilages · TRïE RIBS / VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS
‡ The next 5 pairs of ribs · FALSE RIBS
‡ Ribs 8, 9, 10 · VERTEBRORHONDRAL RIBS, attach indirectly to
the sternum using the cartilage of rib 7
‡ Ribs 11 ,12 · short ribs with no attachment to the sternum
· FLOATING RIBS
± STERNï ( composed of 3 bones ) :
‡ The manubrium, the body, the xiphoid process
‡ Protects the heart and lung
‡ Provides support for the bone of the pectoral girdle


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‡ Occur where fibrous

connective tissue
joints bone to bone
· fibrous joint

‡ Sutures, in the
cranial vault and
face; and are
immovable




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‡ Where bones are joined
by hyalin cartilage or
fibrocartilage ·
cartilaginous joints

‡ Slightly movable

‡ The pubic symphysis,

the joint between the
two pubic bones
 


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‡ Bone ends do not contact
each other, but are enclosed
in a capsule
‡ Generally freely movable

‡ Two bones are separated by

a ]#* !$ · is lined by a
synovial membrane, which
produces synovial fluid, a
lubricant for the joint

‡ Ligament, which are

composed of dense regular
connective tissue, bind the
two bones and add even
more stability
 OVE ENT PER ITTED BY
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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‡ FLEXION
± Decreases the joint
angle
‡ EXTENTION
± Increases the joint
angle
‡ ADDïRTION
± the movement of
body part toward the
midline
‡ ABDïRTION
± The movement of the
body part laterally,
away from midline
 
 

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‡ RIRRï DïRTION
± The movement of the body
part in a wide, makes arm
circle
‡ ROTATION
± The movement of a body part
around its own axis:
‡ The arm is twisted toward
the trunk ( EDIAL
ROTATION
‡ The arm away from the trunk
( LATERAL ROTATION )
‡ SïPINATION
± The rotation of the forearm ·
the palm in upward
‡ PRONATION
± Is the opposite, the movement
of the forearm · the palm is
downward
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‡ INVERSION
± Turning the foot so that the sole
faces inward
‡ EVERSION
± Turning the foot so that the sole
faces outward
‡ ELEVATION and
‡ DEPRESSION
± Refer to the lifting up and down,
respectively, of a body part
‡ Shrug shoulder
‡ ove jaw up and down