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• Sentence Structure
• Verb Tense and Verb
Use
• Fragments, Run-ons,
Comma Splice, etc
Sentence
Structure
Subjects
Predicates
Phrases
Clauses
Connectives
Sentence Structure
•The analysis and deconstruction of a sentence is
a vital skill in understanding language
•Sentence analysis is not always easy but it is an
•
Subject and Predicate
A subject of a sentence can be a noun or pronoun that is
partnered with an action verb. It has the grammatical function
in a sentence of relating its constituent (a noun phrase) by
means of the verb to any other elements present in the
sentence, i.e. objects, complements and adverbials.
Philanthropists donated millions to charity.
Good friends are loyal.
(You) Call the plumber please.
A predicate is a verb that expresses the
subject's action or state of being. It must contain a verb, and
the verb requires, permits, precludes other sentence elements
to complete the predicate.
These elements are:
OBJECTS (direct , indirect , prepositional ),
The dog on the hillside howled at the moon.
PREDICATIVES (aka predicate complements : subject
complements and object complements)
The dog has often howled at the moon
ADVERBIAL .
Has the dog howled at the moon lately?
Phrases
Phrases are group of words bound
together by the thought it
expresses.
It may have a subject or a verb but
not both at the same time.
It can function as nouns,
adjectives or adverbs.
It can be classified into the ff:
prepositional phrase
participial phrase
infinitive phrase
Prepositional Phrase
One that is introduced by a preposition and
is very common in writing.
It can be used either an Adjective:
A man with a cane is not blind.
I took the bird from the basket and let it fly away.
The portrait of the Madonna was stolen from the
National Museum.
It can be used either an Adverb:
Mr. Santos lost his wallet in the bus.
It was thoughtful of you to say that.
The insect moved away from the fire.
Participial Phrase
introduced by a participle and is used
only as an adjective.
Example:
The man holding a rooster walked
toward the cockpit.
The tree fallen dead protected the
nipa hut for years.
Dancing the samba, the crowd circled
around the dining table.
Infinitive Phrase
introduced by an infinitive and can be
used as a noun, and adjective or
another adverb.
Infinitive Phrase used as an Adjective:
The desire to be a success is every man’s wish.
The president is confident of his ability to
manage the company.
The plan to sell the school met with several
objections.
Infinitive Phrase used as an Adverb:
The cadets were ready to obey their commandant.
The dog jumped into the water to retrieve the
ball.
It takes too long to bake a cake.
Clauses
are group of words with a subject and a verb. A clause maybe used
as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
Clauses used as nouns are called noun clauses.
That the strikers were dissatisfied with their wages,
is quite obvious.
A prize will be given to whoever can outdistance the
class runner.
The opinion, that punk music are for weirdos, is his.
Adjective clauses are clauses usually introduced by relative
pronouns and, therefore, are also called relative clauses.
The test, which was the easiest, took us ten minutes to
finish.
The man, who saw the incident, refused to testify.
He took the advice that completely changed his life.
An Adverb clause is a clause that is introduced by a subordinating
conjunction and functions as an adverb.
Because he dislikes children, Mario remained a
bachelor.
The criminal became violent after he spent days in
solitary confinement.
Mona went into tantrums, although she had been promised
a bedtime story.
Connectives
Connectives are words used to
join words, phrases and
clauses.
The most common connectives
are conjunctions and
prepositions.
Conjunctions : are words
that are used to connect
words or groups of words in
sentences.
Preposition: a word that
shows the relationship of a
noun or pronoun to some
other word.
Conjunctions
Besides serving as a connectives,
conjunction also indicate the
relationship of ideas such as
contrast, comparison, result or
condition.
There are four types of conjunction
namely:
Coordinating Conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverb
Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction link words,
phrases, clauses or sentences of
equal rank
Common coordinating conjunctions are: And
• But • Or • For • Nor • Yet • So
The sky and the sea are beautiful in the
Tropics. (2 nouns)
She is very intelligent, yet, she is never
snobbish about it. (2 sentences)
The ribs of the coconut palm or the shell
of the coconut fruit can be turned
into functional objects. (2 phrases)
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are words used
in pairs to indicate relationship
between two ideas.
Common correlative conjunctions are: as …
as • either … or • not so … as •
neither … nor • not only … but also •
both … and • whether … or • no sooner …
than
No sooner did the trial begin than the
first witness fainted on the stand.
Both the man and his wife left the
country suddenly.
Both the man and his wife left the
country suddenly.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
words that connect the ideas of the
subordinate clause (dependent) to that of
the main clause (independent).
Common subordinating conjunctions are:
Because • If • Since • As • as if •
While • Although • Unless • Before
• so that • After • Until • Till •
When • Whenever • Where • Wherever
• How • Whether
We cannot find where he hid the treasure.
We may be forced to begin legal proceedings,
if you don’t pay your overdue account.
Although the skies were blue, there was
slight drizzle.
Conjunctive Adverb
Conjunctive Adverb is sometimes called
transitional adverb or sentence
connectors .
It joins two independent clauses and at the
same time acts as an adverb in that it
modifies the action of its clause.
Common Conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly
• again • all the same • also •
anyhow • besides • consequently •
for that reason • henceforth •
hence • in fact • indeed
Cheating has become rampant at the
polls; for that reason, the votes
were nullified.
The jury found him guilty; still we
believe that he is a victim of
circumstances.
We are holding a bazaar this weekend;
consequently, we are excused from
our Monday classes.
Preposition
Common prepositions:
About • above • across • beneath • beside, -s • between •
beyond • concerning • through 7 despite • down •
during • except, -ing • throughout • outside •
regarding • without • toward • underneath • within
Compound Prepositions:
•as for • as to • aside from • because of • by means of
• by way of • contrary to • due to • exclusive of •
for fear of • for the sake of • in accordance to • in
addition to • in behalf of • in case • in favor of •
in regard to • in spite of • in view of • on account
of • owing to • pertaining to • regardless of • with
reference to • with regard to • with the •exception
of
Preposition