Equations

Equations
Equation
a statement that
two algebraic expressions are equal

Example : 3-2x = 7
2x2 +9x-5 = 0
7x-y
=1
8
x+5y = z
 Equations
Solutions
all values of variable
for which the equation is true

Example : For 3-2x = 7 ,

x = -2 is a solution ,
because 3-2  -2  = 7

is a true statement.
 Equations
Solutions
all values of variable
for which the equation is true

Example : For 2x2 +9x-5 = 0 ,

1
x = , -5 are solutions ,
2 2
because 2  1  +9  1  -5 = 0 and
   
2 2
2  -5  +9  -5  -5 = 0 , are true statements.
2
 Equations
Solution set
the set of solutions of an equation
Example : For 3-2x = 7 ,
 -2 is a solution set.

For 2x2 +9x-5 = 0 ,

1 
 , -5  is a solution set.
2 
 Equations
Identity Equation
an equation that is true
for every real number of the variable

Example : 5+4x = 4x+5

x +6x+9 =  x+3
2 2
 Equations
Conditional Equation
an equation that is true for some (or none)

of real numbers of the variable

Example : 3-2x = 7

2x2 +9x-5 = 0
 Equations
Equivalent Equation
two equations having the same solution set
Example : 2x+2 = 2 and x+1 = 1
are equivalent equations , because
they have the same solution  x = 0 .
 Equations
Equivalent Equation
two equations having the same solution set
Example : x2 -2x-3 = 0 and  x+1   x-3 =0
are equivalent equations , because
they have the same solutions  x =  1,3 .
 Equations
Linear Equation in One Variable x
an equation that can be written in the form
ax+b = 0 , a and b are real numbers with a  0.
Example : 4x+5 = 2x-1 is a linear equation ,
because it is equivalent to 2x+6 = 0.
 Equations
How to Solve A Linear Equation

Simplify the original equation into an easier eq.

Solve the easier equation. (which is

equivalent to the original equation)
 Equations
Techniques for Transforming An Equation
Adding no. Subtracting no.
x+4 = 3 x = 3-4
Subtracting no. Adding no.
x-5 = 1 x = 1+5
Multiplying no. Divising no.
-6x = 18 18
x=
-6
Divising no. Multiplying no.
x x = -2  7
=7
-2
 Linear Equations in one variable
Example 1 : Solve 2x+4 = 5  x-1 

2x+4 = 5x-5 Check the solution

4+5 = 5x-2x 2  3 +4 = 5  3-1 

9 = 3x 10 = 10
3=x
x =3
 Linear Equations in one variable
x+3 3x+1
Example 2 : Solve - = x+1
2 3
 x+3 3x+1 
6 -  = 6  x+1 
 2 3 
 x+3   3x+1 
6  -6   = 6  x+1 
 2   3 
3  x  3 -2  3x+1  = 6x+6
3x  9 -6x-2 = 6x+6
-3x  7 = 6x+6
 Linear Equations in one variable
x+3 3x+1
Example 2 : Solve - = x+1
2 3
Check the solution
-3x+7 = 6x+6
1 1
7  6 = 6x+3x +3 3   +1
9 -  9  = 1 +1
1 = 9x 2 3 9
14 4 10
9x = 1 - =
9 9 9
1 10 10
x= =
9 9 9
 Rational Equations
Rational Equations
equations containing rational expressions

Example :
18
= 9 is a rational equation , because
x-1
18
it contains which is a rational expression.
x-1
 Rational Equations
Extraneous Solution
solution not satisfying the original equation
Example :

x2 -1 x2 -1-x+1 = 0
=1
x-1
x2 -x = 0
x2 -1
 x-1  = 1  x-1 
x-1 x  x-1  = 0

x -1 = x-1
2 x = 0,1
 Rational Equations
Extraneous Solution
solution not satisfying the original equation

Example :
x2  1
x = 1 is an extraneous solution of =1
x-1
because x = 1 does not satisfy
x 2
 1
=1 .
x-1
x 1
2
Then = 1 has only one solution that is x = 0 .
x-1
 Rational Equations
7 5 44
Example 3 : Solve - = 2
x-3 x+1 x -2x-3
7 5 44
- =
x-3 x+1  x-3  x+1 
 7 5  44
 x-3  x+1   -  =  x-3  x+1 
 x-3 x+1   x-3  x+1 
7  x-3  x+1  5  x-3  x+1  44  x-3   x+1 
- =
 x-3  x+1   x-3  x+1 
7  x+1  -5  x-3 = 44
 Rational Equations
7 5 44
Example 3 : Solve - = 2
x-3 x+1 x -2x-3
Check the solution
7  x+1  -5  x-3 = 44
7x+7-5x+15 = 44 7 5 44
- =
11-3 11+1  11   2  11   3
2
2x+22 = 44
7 5 44
2x = 44-22 - =
8 12 121-22-3
2x = 22 11 11
=
x = 11 24 24
 Rational Equations
1 5 10x
Example 4 : Solve = - 2
x+3 x-3 x -9
1 5 10x
= -
x+3 x-3  x+3  x-3
1  5 10x 
 x+3  x-3 =  x+3  x-3   - 
x+3  x-3  x+3  x-3 
 x+3  x-3 =
5  x+3  x-3 10x  x+3  x-3
-
x+3 x-3  x+3  x-3
x-3 = 5  x+3  -10x
 Rational Equations
1 5 10x
Example 4 : Solve = - 2
x+3 x-3 x -9
x-3 = 5  x+3 -10x Check the solution
x-3 = 5x+15-10x 1 5 10  3
- = 2
x-5x+10x = 15+3 3+3 3-3 3  9
1 5 30
6x = 18 - =
6 0 0
18
x= =3 x = 3 is an extraneous solution.
6
x =3
Solving for One Variable in Terms of Others
Example 5 : Solve the equation for
the indicated variable
a. -8x+3y-7 = 0 ; for x
-8x+3y-7 = 0

3y-7 = 8x
8x = 3y-7

3y-7
x=
8
Solving for One Variable in Terms of Others
Example 5 : Solve the equation for
the indicated variable
b. 2a2 +x = 3+a-ax ; for x
2a2 +x = 3+a-ax
x=
 3-2a   1+a 
x+ax = 3+a-2a2 1+a
x  1+a  = 3+a-2a2 x = 3-2a
3+a-2a2
x=
1+a
Solving for One Variable in Terms of Others
Example 5 : Solve the equation for
the indicated variable
c. A = P  1+rt  ; for r
A = P  1+rt 
A = P+Prt
A-P = Prt
Prt = A-P
A-P
r=
Pt