© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. IP Multicast, 6/03

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Multicast Overview
Thom Bryant
June 2003
IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Introduction
• Consistent design recommendation

• Simplification and optimization
CLI and code level
• Quality of Cisco IOS® Software
E2E system testing
Financial test lab

Cisco Representation
• Internet Technologies Division (ITD) – Central

IOS Engineering
• Chief Technology Office (CTO) – Corporate
Consulting Engineering
• Customer Advocacy (CA) – Advanced Services
• High Speed Switching Business Unit (HSSBU) –
Financial Test Labs
• Network Management Business Unit (NMBU) –
Network Management

Brief Review–Protocol Independent
Multicast MDT Types
• Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) Sparse-Mode

Any version IGMP
SPT or RPT
Unidirectional Trees
MSDP for Inter-domain/Redundancy
• PIM SSM
IGMP V3
Source-Only Trees
Simplest Multicast Model – No RPs or MSDP
Unidirectional Trees
• Bidirectional PIM
Any version IGMP
Bidirectional Trees-Only (*,G) Routing State

Agenda
• Trends and roadmap

• Addressing and scoping
• Interface Configuration Mode/Auto-RP Listener
• RP Redundancy
• PIM scalability/convergence
• Summary
• Open discussion

Integration: Making IP Innovation
Business Ready
INNOVATION
Application Awareness
Integrated Security
Self-Healing Multicast
Mobility
Adaptive Routing Packet Core
Expanded Addressing
Storage Awareness
IP version 6 nBAR IPsec QoS-Based Routing
Intrusion Detection Nonstop Forwarding AToM
Mobile IP MPLS-VPNs In-Service-Software-Upgrades
NetFlow Multicast IP Traffic Engineering Cisco IOS Firewall SAA

Multicast: Components
Basic Multicast : PIM SM, DM, Auto RP, IGMP v2, CGMP M I
A N
Inter-Domain Multicast : MBGP , MSDP, Anycast RP, RGMP, BSR N T
A E
Multicast VPN : MVPN G G
One-to-Many : SSM & IGMP v3 E R
M A
Many-to-Many : PIM – Bi-Directional E T
Reliable Multicast : PGM N I
T O
Multicast v6 : PIM SM, SSM, MLD v2
N
Provisioning / Accounting / Monitoring
Access Control / Security
Multicast Automation / Simplification

Multicast: It Begins and Ends with
Applications
1 IP/TV® Audio/Video http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/so/neso/cxne/atsln_an.htm
2 Windows http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/serve/multiwp.
Audio/Video asp
Media
3 Real Audio/Video http://videocast.nih.gov/McastUpgrade/multicast.html
4 http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?
Dialer Conferencing url=/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/proddocs/dialer_conference_o
verview.asp
5 NetMeeting http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?
Conferencing url=/technet/prodtechnol/win98/reskit/part4/wrkc20.asp
6 HootNHoller VOIP http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/so/neso/vvda/hthllr/
7 IPblue VOIP http://www.ipblue.com/faq.htm
8 TIBCO Stock ticker

http://www.tibco.com/resources/solutions/technology_solutions/
messaging.pdf
9 OrbixTalk Messaging
http://techrepublictk.cnet.com/enterprise/0-6119584-720-
7723923.html
10 Norton http://www.symantec.com/sabu/ghost/ghost_personal/
File Transfer
Ghost
11 Datarunner File Transfer http://www.targetvision.com/distribu.htm

Finance: Trading Floors
Recent Trends
• Many large financial traders are interested in reducing Operational

Expenses (OpEx) and are increasingly interested in Hoot ‘n’ Holler
for existing IP infrastructure
• Bidirectional PIM is the protocol that enables a scalable solution,
and is going to be deployed in many of these networks
Prudential was our beachhead and is very happy with the cost savings
Royal Bank of Canada is also in the process of deploying Hoot ’n Holler
• Increased interest in PGM for reliable Multicast delivery
• Increased interest in faster convergence and lower downtime for all
business critical multicast services

IP Multicast Strategy
• Business Strategy
Maintain leadership in the finance market
Increase deployment in enterprise market segment
Drive adoption in the ISP market segment
Facilitate deployment in MXU for new Multicast services
• Technology Strategy
Maintain IP multicast technology leadership
Add hardware acceleration support and achieve consistency on all key
Cisco platforms
Integrate Multicast across different technologies like MPLS, IPsec, IPv6,
Mobile, NetFlow and content
Simplify, automate, and increase deployment of Multicast
Enhance scalability, manageability, and security

IP Multicast Platform Roadmap Release
Plan (Release 12.0S, 12.2T, and 12.2S)
Targeting Cisco IOS Targeting Cisco IOS Targeting Cisco IOS Targeting Cisco IOS Targeting Cisco IOS
Software Release Software Release Software Release Software Release Software Release
12.3(1)T 12.0(26)S 12.2(3rd)S 12.0(27)S 12.2(5th)S
Key Features: Key Features: Key Features: Key Features: Key Features:
• Mcast-v6 Phase 2
• Multicast v6 - Phase 1 • mVPN support on • Multicast v6 - Phase 1 • MSDP Spec 14
SM, SSM, MLD v2 GSR SM, SSM, MLD v2 compliance
• New dMFIB for v6
• New MFIB for v6 •Multicast v6 – Phase 1 • New MFIB for v6 • Inter-AS for mVPN
• Extranet for mVPN
SM, SSM, MLD v2
• SSM Mapping • SSM Mapping • SSM Mapping • Inter-AS for mVPN
• New dMFIB for v6
• PGM Aware VRF
• IP-Mroute-STD MIB • IP-Mroute-STD MIB • Auto-RP
• MBGP support for Enhancements (no
•Auto-RP
• Multicast Netflow mcast v6 • Multicast Netflow Dense mode fallback)
Enhancements (no
Dense mode
• Bi-Dir support on
fallback)
C7600
• MSDP Spec 14
compliance
• mVPN MIB
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004
NB. Confirm target releases with Cisco IOS PM – g_singh@cisco.com
Agenda

• RP Redundancy
• Summary
• Open discussion

Address Allocation Considerations
• Current and future size of the organization

• Organizational structure and relations between Business Units
• Scale of the IP Multicast deployment
• Internal policies on the control and deployment of network
applications
• Scope of the applications
• Security policy
• Readiness for future use of new multicast delivery methods (ie:
Bi-Dir PIM and SSM)

IP Multicast Address Space
IP v4 multicast addresses assigned by IANA
Start Range End Range Description
224.0.0.0 - 224.2.255.255 Assigned
224.252.0.0 - 224.255.255.255 Assigned
225.0.0.0 - 231.255.255.255 RESERVED
232.0.0.0 - 232.255.255.255 Source Specific Multicast Block
233.0.0.0 - 233.255.255.255 GLOP Block
234.0.0.0 - 238.255.255.255 RESERVED
239.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Administratively Scoped Block
Administratively scoped IP Multicast address recommendations from rfc 2365

239.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Administratively Scoped [IANA,rfc2365]

239.0.0.0 - 239.191.255.255 Reserved [IANA]
239.192.0.0 - 239.251.255.255 Organization-Local Scope [Meyer,rfc2365]
239.252.0.0 - 239.254.255.255 Site-Local Scope(reserved)[Meyer,rfc2365]
239.255.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Site-Local Scope [Meyer,rfc2365]
239.255.2.2 rasadv [Thaler]

Geographical Scoped Addresses
Example
Byte 4 Byte3 Byte2 Byte1 Notes
239 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Scope range RFC2365
239 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Organization range

RFC2365
239 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm Org. Global addresses
239 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Regional assignment
239 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Regional assignment
239 255 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Local Range RFC2365
• Uses three levels of geographical scoping:

Site local
Regional by using the Regional bits
Global
Geographical and Bandwidth Scoped
Addresses Example
Byte 4 Byte3 Byte2 Byte1 Notes
239 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Scope range RFC2365
239 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Organization range

RFC2365
239 1 1 R R R R R R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Region expansion
239 1 1 R R R R R R B B B * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Region/BW expansion
239 255 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Local range RFC2365
239 255 B B B * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Local Bandwidth expansion
• Uses three levels of geographical scoping:

Site local
Regional by using the Regional bits
Global
• Use bandwidth bits to define bandwidth scoping in

the network
Bandwidth Scoping Example
Bandwidth Bandwidth #3rd Octet

Access Lists
Bits Level range
Unlimited ip access-list standard unlimitedbw

0 * * 0-127
Bandwidth permit 239.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
High ip access-list standard highbw

1 0 * 128-191
ip access-list standard mediumbw

Medium permit 239.0.192.0 0.255.63.255
1 1 0 192-223
Bandwidth
Low ip access-list standard lowbw

1 1 1 224-255

Bandwidth Scoping
ip multicast
boundary lowbw
Distribution
Server Farm
Core
Campus
Backbone To remote users
(DSL/Cable)
ip multicast boundary
mediumbw
ip multicast
boundary highbw
To regional To branch
backbone offices (T3)

Agenda

• RP Redundancy
• Summary
• Open discussion

Auto-RP Overview
Mapping Mapping
Agent Agent
Announce
Announce
A B
Announce Announce Announce Announce

C D
Candidate RP Candidate-RP
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
Announce
Announce
RP-Announcements multicast to the
Cisco Announce (224.0.1.39) group
Announce

Auto-RP Overview
very
y
ver
o
co
Disc
Mapping Mapping
Dis
Dis Disc
co ver ove
y Agent ry Agent
Dis Disc
A co ver
B o very
y
y
ry
ver
ove
co
Disc
C D
Dis
Candidate RP Candidate-RP
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
RP-Discoveries multicast to the

Cisco Discovery (224.0.1.40) group
Discovery

Simple Auto-RP Configuration
RP/Mapping Agent
A B
PIM
Sparse Mode
C D
RP/Mapping Agent
On each router: ip multicast-routing

On each interface: ip pim sparse-dense-mode
On routers B and C: ip pim send-rp-announce loopback0 scope 16
ip pim send-rp-discovery loopback0 scope 16

Configuring an Interface for IP
Multicast
• Interface Mode Configuration Command

Enables multicast forwarding on the interface
Controls the interface’s mode of operation
ip pim sparse-dense-mode
• Interface mode is determined by the Group mode
Dense: interface operates in Dense mode
Sparse: interface operates in Sparse mode
• Sparse-dense-mode has potential issues
• Multicast data flows can be flooded as Dense mode if the RP
information is lost
• Auto-RP has always required sparse-dense-mode – until now

New Command: Auto-RP Listener
• Global Command
ip pim autorp listener
Allows Auto-RP to work over Sparse-mode interfaces
• Enables AutoRP functions on router.
AutoRP groups operate only in DM
Router joins 224.0.1.40
Off by default
Future: may change to “On” by default
• No possibility of Dense mode flooding without multiple
failures in network

Coming Soon to a Router Near You….
• No Dense mode fallback

Default behavior.
No new command required
Use current “Last resort RP=0.0.0.0” approach

Provides limited “disabled group” functionality

Future Plans
• ‘ip pim autorp mapping-agent’ command

New “clearer” parser command
Helps standardize AutoRP & BSR commands
• Format
ip pim autorp mapping-agent <interface> scope
<ttl>
• No new code required

Same function as old command

Implementation Summary
ip pim autorp listener

ip pim autorp candidate-rp <interface> scope <ttl>
ip pim autorp mapping-agent <interface> scope <ttl>
ip pim bsr listener

ip pim bsr candidate-bsr [priority <pri>] [hash-
length]
ip pim bsr candidate-rp <interface> scope <ttl>
ip pim bsr border

Agenda

• RP Redundancy
• Summary
• Open discussion

RP Redundancy Agenda
• Sparse Mode Redundant RPs

• Bidirectional Redundant RPs
• Unified Redundant RPs

Goals
• Topology independent RP redundancy

• Unified model for Sparse mode and
Bidirectional RPs
• Simple configuration

Sparse Mode Anycast RP
Configuration
RP1 RP2
MSDP
A B
ip pim rp-address 10.0.0.1 ip pim rp-address 10.0.0.1
X Y
Interface loopback 0 Interface loopback 0

ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255
Interface loopback 1 Interface loopback 1

! !
ip msdp peer 10.0.0.3 connect-source loopback 1 ip msdp peer 10.0.0.2 connect-source loopback 1
ip msdp originator-id loopback 1 ip msdp originator-id loopback 1

Topology Dependant RP Redundancy
• Router ‘A’ is the primary

RP, router ‘B’ is failover Anycast RP
(w w/o) MSDP!!
• ‘FE0’ is primary network,
‘FE1’ is failover
• Modify link metrics on ‘A’
and ‘B’ to force routing A B
+10 +20
• Anycast-RP just for +30
failover, not for load- FE0
balancing FE1
• Topology dependant, as
‘B’ can’t be on the path to
‘A’

Bidirectional Phantom RP on a LAN
RP: 1.1.1.1
e0/0 1.1.1.3 e0/0 1.1.1.2
e1/0 1.1.3.1 e1/0 1.1.2.2
Source Receiver
core1#show ip pim int e1/0 df core2#show ip mroute 225.1.2.3
Interface RP DF Winner Metric Uptime (*, 225.1.2.3), 00:06:43/00:00:00, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: BC

Ethernet1/0 1.1.1.1 1.1.3.3 0 00:06:49 Bidir-Upstream: Ethernet0/0, RPF nbr 1.1.1.1
core1# Outgoing interface list:
Ethernet1/0, Forward/Sparse, 00:06:43/now
Ethernet0/0, Bidir-Upstream/Sparse, 00:06:43/00:00:00
core2#

Bidirectional Floating Route Phantom RP
P S
ip multicast-routing RP: 1.1.1.1 ip multicast-routing
! !
interface Loopback0 interface Loopback0
ip pim sparse-mode ip pim sparse-mode
! !
router ospf 11 router ospf 11
redistribute static subnets redistribute static subnets
network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
! !
ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 ip route 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.254
Loopback0 Loopback0
ip pim bidir-enable ip pim bidir-enable
ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 bidir-grp bidir ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 bidir-grp bidir

Unified Floating Route Phantom RP
(Netmask Method)
RP: 1.1.1.2
P S
ip multicast-routing ip multicast-routing
! !
ip ospf network point-to-point ip ospf network point-to-point
! !
! !
ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 sm-grp ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 sm-grp

Unified Floating Route Phantom RP
(Conditional Routing Method)
RP: 1.1.1.2
P S
ip multicast-routing ip multicast-routing
! !
ip ospf network point-to-point ip ospf network point-to-point [conditional]
! !
network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 [conditional]
! !
ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 sm-grp ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1 sm-grp

Agenda

• RP Redundancy
• Summary
• Open discussion

Multicast Sub-Second Convergence
Multicast
Seconds convergence
Time
Multicast Sub-Second
100
Convergence provides
almost instantaneous
75 recovery of Multicast
paths following unicast
Multicast routing recovery
50 Sub-Second
Convergence
Time
25 Platforms
12000
0 10000
Previous Sub-Second 7500
Environment Convergenc
e 6500

Multicast Scalability - Issues
• Maintaining large amount of state

• Dealing with PIM protocol updates
• Periodic updates to refresh state
• Timers to maintain state
Passive timers
Managed timers
Active timers (timer wheel)

Multicast Sub-Second Convergence
• Enhancement: deliver sub-second convergence and world-class

reliability for business-critical multicast applications.
• Problem: reduce the time it takes for Multicast routing to converge after
a failure in a large network
• Solution
1. Make Triggered RPF Checks
2. Enhance Timer Management
3. Enhance IGMP Capabilities
4. Make Designated Router Failover in 300 msec
5. Decrease Join/Prune Forwarding Handle Times
6. Make Join/Prune Aggregation

Multicast Sub-Second Convergence:
CSCdw13674 PIM scalability & convergence
• Join/Prune aggregation
Used to send one PIM packet per (S,G) or (*,G) entry after a Rendezvous
Point failover
These are now aggregated into a few PIM packets with multiple entries
• New PIM HELLO option
New option advertises the hold time in milliseconds
Enables sub-second failover of Designated Router (Cisco proprietary)
• Triggered RPF checks
Follows unicast convergence
After unicast is converged, it causes an instantaneous start of RPF checks
(previous default was five seconds)
ip pim query-interval <interval> [msec]

Agenda

• RP Redundancy
• Summary
• Open discussion

Updated Design Guidance - Summary
• Interface Config Mode

PIM Sparse Mode
Auto-RP Listener
• RP Mapping and Discovery
Static for Deterministic/Change-averse Networks
Auto-RP when a dynamic protocol is needed
• Administrative Scoping
Static
IP Multicast Boundary Filter-Autorp
• RP Placement
Core by default
• RPT or SPT

Updated Design/Reference
Documents
• Design Guidelines Update

• Bidirectional Design Guide
• Guidelines for Enterprise IP Multicast Address
Allocation
• E2E Test Results
• Multicast VPN Design Guide
• Security (coming soon)

Possible Additional Topics
• Multicast VPN
• Multicast Netflow
• Multicast v6
• Reliable Multicast - PGM
• Multicast Security
• Multicast Management and tools
• E2E System Test Results for 12.1(13)
• Financial Test Lab Enhancements


© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. IP Multicast, 6/03

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IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

• Consistent design recommendation

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

• Internet Technologies Division (ITD) – Central

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

• Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) Sparse-Mode

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

• Trends and roadmap

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Multicast Automation / Simplification

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

1 IP/TV® Audio/Video http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/so/neso/cxne/atsln_an.htm

6 HootNHoller VOIP http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/so/neso/vvda/hthllr/

7 IPblue VOIP http://www.ipblue.com/faq.htm

8 TIBCO Stock ticker

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

• Many large financial traders are interested in reducing Operational

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

• Trends and roadmap

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

• Current and future size of the organization

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Administratively scoped IP Multicast address recommendations from rfc 2365

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

239 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Scope range RFC2365

239 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Organization range

239 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm Org. Global addresses

239 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Regional assignment

239 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Regional assignment

239 255 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Local Range RFC2365

• Uses three levels of geographical scoping:

239 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Scope range RFC2365

239 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Organization range

239 1 1 R R R R R R * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Region expansion

239 1 1 R R R R R R B B B * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Org. Region/BW expansion

239 255 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Administrative Local range RFC2365

239 255 B B B * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adm. Local Bandwidth expansion

• Uses three levels of geographical scoping:

• Use bandwidth bits to define bandwidth scoping in

Bandwidth Bandwidth #3rd Octet

Unlimited ip access-list standard unlimitedbw

High ip access-list standard highbw

ip access-list standard mediumbw

Low ip access-list standard lowbw

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

• Trends and roadmap

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Announce Announce Announce Announce

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

RP-Discoveries multicast to the

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 22

On each router: ip multicast-routing

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 23

• Interface Mode Configuration Command

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 24

IP Multicast, 6/03 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 25

• No Dense mode fallback

Use current “Last resort RP=0.0.0.0” approach