Chapter 4, Part 2

Major Classes of Chemical Reactions

1
 Ionic Compounds in Water
• Soluble ionic compounds
– NaCl in water
• Insoluble ionic compounds
– CaCO3 in water
Water is a polar molecule.

2
When an ionic compound dissolves in water, the
solvent pulls the individual ions from the solid and
solvates them. This process is called dissociation.

3
When an ionic compound dissolves in water,
the solvent pulls the individual ions from
the solid and solvates them. This process
is called dissociation.
KBr (s) → K + (aq) + Br - (aq)
0.20 mol _____ mol _____ mol

Ba(OH)2 (s) → Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 OH - (aq)

0.15 M _____ M ____ M

4
** This table is from a different book. 5
** This table is from a different book. 6
 Predict whether the following
Example:
compounds are soluble or insoluble in
water.
1) NH4I 2) SrSO4 3) Cs3PO4

You must memorize and be able to

apply solubility rules.

7
Covalent Compounds in Water
• Insoluble covalent compounds
• Soluble covalent compounds
– Regular soluble covalent compounds
– Strong acids
– Weak acids and weak bases

8
When most soluble covalent
compounds are dissolved in water,
their molecules separate from each
other and mixed with water
molecules.

9
• Strong acids completely dissociate into ions:
≈100% + −
HBr + H 2O ( l )  → H 3O ( aq ) + Br ( aq )

H3O+ : hydronium ion

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• Weak acids (or bases) partially dissociate into ions:
< 100% +
HF + H 2 O (l ) → H 3O (aq) + F (aq)
-

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• Common Strong Acids
HCl hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid
HIhydroiodic acid
HNO3 nitric acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid
• Common Weak Acids
HF hydrofluoric acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
CH3COOH acetic acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid

You must memorize the formulas and the names of these

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acids.
 Classification of
water-soluble substances
• Nonelectrolyte
– Present in solution exclusively as molecules.
– Solution does not conduct electricity.
• Weak electrolyte
– Partially ionizes in solution.
– Solution conducts electricity poorly.
• Strong electrolyte
– Present in solution exclusively as ions.
– Its solution conducts electricity well.

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14
 Classification of
water-soluble substances
• Nonelectrolytes
– regular soluble covalent compounds
• Weak electrolytes
– weak acids
– weak bases
• Strong electrolytes
– soluble ionic compounds (including strong bases)
– strong acids

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 Major Classes of Chemical
Reactions
• Metathesis Reaction (double displacement)
– Precipitation reaction
– Acid-base reaction (neutralization reaction)
– Gas Evolution reaction
• Oxidation-Reduction reaction (Redox)
– Combination reaction
– Decomposition reaction
– Single displacement reaction
– Combustion of substances in oxygen
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 Metathesis Reactions
• Metathesis reactions: cations and
anions of two reactants switch
partners.
• For a metathesis reaction to occur, one
of the following four conditions must
be met:
– Formation of a precipitate
– Formation of water
– Formation of a gas
– Formation of weak electrolyte
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Precipitation Reaction: Formation of a solid
from dissolved ions in an aqueous solution.

18
 Three ways to describe a reaction in
aqueous solutions
1. Molecular equation
– Show reactants & products in undissociated form

2. Total (complete) ionic equation

– Show reactants & products as they exist in solution.

3. Net ionic equation

– Show only the species that participate in the reaction.

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Example: Write the molecular, total ionic, and net
ionic equations for the following reactions (if
they occur).
1) silver fluoride + sodium phosphate
2) soldium fluoride + ammonium sulfate
3) barium hydroxide + potassium sulfate

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 Ionic Equations
• In total and net ionic equations, only
the following substances should be
written as ions:
a. Strong acids
b. Strong bases
c. Soluble ionic salts
• The ions that do not appear in net ionic
equations are called spectator ions.

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 Predicting the Products of
precipitation reaction
1. Determine what ions each aqueous reactant has
2. Determine formulas of possible products
– Exchange ions
• (+) ion from one reactant with (-) ion from other
– Balance charges of combined ions to get formula of each
product
1. Determine Solubility of Each Product in Water
– Use the solubility rules
– If product is insoluble or slightly soluble, it will precipitate
4. If neither product will precipitate, write no reaction after
the arrow

** Similar procedure can be used to predict products of

other metathesis reaction.
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Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
 Acid-Base Reactions
• Acids: Substances that increase the
concentration of H+ when dissolved in
water.
• Bases: Substances that increase the
concentration of OH− when dissolved
in water. (Memorize the strong and weak bases listed
in Table 4.2 on page 162 of your textbook.)

• Reactions of an acid and a base

usually produces a salt and water.

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 calcium hydroxide + nitric acid

1. Molecular equation
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq) + 2 H 2 O (l )
2. Total ionic equation:
Ca (2aq+ ) + 2 OH(-aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) → Ca (2aq+ ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) + 2 H 2 O (l )

3. Net ionic equation:

OH (-aq ) + H (+aq ) → H 2 O (l )
The net ionic equation for most strong
acid – strong base reactions! 24
hydrofluoric acid + potassium hydroxide

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In an acid-base reaction, the acid donates
a proton (H+) to the base.

H2O + NH3 → OH- + NH4+

26
 Titration

The analytical technique in which one can

calculate the concentration of a solute in a
solution.
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Titration

28
 Gas Evolving Reactions
• Some reactions form a gas directly from the ion
exchange
K2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + H2S(g)
• Other reactions form a gas by the decomposition of
one of the ion exchange products into a gas and
water
K2SO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + H2SO3(aq)
H2SO3 → H2O(l) + SO2(g)

Tro, Chemistry: A 29
Molecular Approach
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• An oxidation occurs
when an atom or ion
loses electrons.
• A reduction occurs
when an atom or ion
gains electrons.
• One cannot occur
without the other.
• Redox reaction.

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• OIL RIG
– Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons
– Reduction Involves Gain of electrons

• LEO says GER

– Loss of Electrons is Oxidation
– Gain of Electrons is Reduction

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 Electron Bookkeeping
• we need a method for determining how the
electrons are transferred
• chemists assign a number to each element in a
reaction called an oxidation state that allows
them to determine the electron flow in the
reaction
– even though they look like them, oxidation
states are not ion charges!
• oxidation states are imaginary charges assigned
based on a set of rules
• ion charges are real, measurable charges

Tro, Chemistry: A 32
Molecular Approach
Rules for Assigning Oxidation States

• rules are in order of priority

1. free elements have an oxidation state = 0
– Na = 0 and Cl2 = 0 in 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)
1. monatomic ions have an oxidation state equal to
their charge
– Na = +1 and Cl = -1 in NaCl
1. (a) the sum of the oxidation states of all the
atoms in a compound is 0
– Na = +1 and Cl = -1 in NaCl, (+1) + (-1) = 0

Tro, Chemistry: A 33
Molecular Approach
Rules for Assigning Oxidation States
3. (b) the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms
in a polyatomic ion equals the charge on the ion
– N = +5 and O = -2 in NO3–, (+5) + 3(-2) = -1

4. (a) Group I metals have an oxidation state of +1 in

all their compounds
– Na = +1 in NaCl

4. (b) Group II metals have an oxidation state of +2 in

all their compounds
– Mg = +2 in MgCl2

Tro, Chemistry: A 34
Molecular Approach
 Rules for Assigning Oxidation States
5. in their compounds, nonmetals have oxidation states according to the table below

– nonmetals higher on the table take priority

Nonmetal Oxidation State Example

F -1 CF4
H +1 (except metal hydride) CH4
O -2 (except H2O2 and compounds CO2
with F)
Group 7A -1 (except compounds with F or O) CCl4

Group 6A -2 CS2
Group 5A -3 35 NH3
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
• Periodic Table can
help us determine
the oxidation
number of an
atom.

36
 Oxidation States
• Example: Assign oxidation states to
each element in the following
compounds:
• NaNO3

37
 Oxidation States
• K2Sn(OH)6

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 Oxidation States
• HCO3-
• H = +1
• O = -2
• C = +4
+1 + x + 3(-2) = -1
x = +4

39
 Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
• Oxidation is an increase in the
oxidation state.
• Reduction is a decrease in the
oxidation state.
• Good mnemonic – reduction reduces the
oxidation state.

40
 Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
• Oxidizing agents are chemical species that:
1. oxidize some other substance
2. contain atoms that are reduced in the reaction
3. gain electrons
• Reducing agents are chemical species that:
1. reduce some other substance
2. contain atoms that are oxidized in the reaction
3. lose electrons

41
42
• MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+→ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

_____ is oxidized to ______.

_____ is the reducing agent.
_____ is reduced to ______.
_____ is the oxidizing agent.

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• Mg + O2 → 2MgO
_____ is oxidized to _____.
_____ is the reducing agent.
_____ is reduced to _____.
_____ is the oxidizing agent.

44
 Different types of redox
reactions
• Combination
• Decomposition
• (Single) Displacement
• Combustion of substances in oxygen

45
Combination Reactions

46
 Decomposition Reactions
• one compound decomposes to form two or
more products.

47
 Single Displacement Reactions
• Single Displacement reactions
occur when a more active element
displaces a less active element from
a compound.

48
1. An active metal displacing hydrogen

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2. A more active metal displacing a less active one.

50
 Li
K can displace
Ba H from water
The activity series Ca
Na
of the metals. Mg

strength as reducing agents

Al
Mn can displace H
Zn from steam
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni can displace H
Sn from acid
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
cannot displace H
Ag
Au from any source

51
3. An more active nonmetal displacing a less
active nonmetal

Cl 2( g ) + 2 NaI( aq ) → I 2( s ) + 2 NaCl(aq)

Activity series of halogens:

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

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4. Combustion reactions in oxygen

• to predict the products of a combustion

reaction, combine each element in the
other reactant with oxygen
Reactant Combustion Product
contains C CO2(g)
contains H H2O(g)
contains S SO2(g)
contains N NO(g) or NO2(g)
contains metal M2On(s)

Tro, Chemistry: A 53
Molecular Approach
 What you need to memorize

• Solubility rules
• Oxidation states rules
• Lists of strong and weak acids,
strong and weak bases.
• Activity series of metals and
halogens.

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