UNIT-V

THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
 In three-phase circuits the 3 voltages sources are
120° apart
 Polyphase generation and transmission of electricity
is more advantageous and economical
(1) three-phase instantaneous power is constant
over time
(2) single-phase line losses are 50% greater than
three-phase losses (for the same load power,
voltage, pf), i.e., PSingle=3/2×PThree
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
 An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each
rotation of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC generator.
 If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the
result is a Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC
phase voltage per rotation of the rotor
 In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems
for the transmission of power for many reasons.
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same
voltage, which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25%
less).

2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be
less massive and farther apart.

3. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are
essentially self-starting and do not require a special design or additional
starting circuitry.
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

3-phase voltage 3-phase load

source

3-phase transmission line

 Three-phase Generator
 The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed 120° apart on the stator.
 The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage induced across each coil
will have the same peak value, shape and frequency.
Three-phase Generator
Three-phase Generator
 Three-Phase Voltages

vaa  2 V cos  t
vbb  2 V cos( t  120)
vcc  2 V cos( t  240)

(a) The three windings on a

cylindrical drum used to
obtain three-phase voltages (b) Balanced three-phase
voltages
THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
 Balanced Three Phase Voltages

Three-phase voltage sources

a) wye-connected source b) delta-connected source

 Phase sequences

a) abc or positive sequence b) acb or negative sequence

 Three-Phase Balanced Voltages
Vaa  V 0
Vbb  V   120
Vcc  V   240  V   120
Phase sequence or phase rotation is abc
Positive Phase Sequence

neutral terminal
Va  V 0
Vc  V   120
Vb  V   240  V   120

Phase sequence or phase rotation is acb

Negative Phase Sequence
Balanced Three Phase Voltages
If the voltage source have the same amplitude and
frequency ω and are out of phase with each other by
120o, the voltage are said to be balanced.

Van  Vbn  Vcn  0

Van  Vbn  Vcn

Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and

out of phase with each other by 120o
 Two Common Methods of Connection

phase voltage

(a) Y-connected sources (b) -connected sources

Balanced Three Phase Voltages
abc sequence or positive sequence:

Van  Vp 00 Vp is the

Vbn  Vp   1200 effective or
rms value
Vcn  Vp   2400  Vp   1200
acb sequence or negative sequence:

Van  Vp 0 0
Vcn  Vp   1200
Vbn  Vp   2400  Vp   1200
Balanced Three Phase Voltages
Two possible three-phase load configurations:

a) a wye-connected load b) a delta-connected load

 Balanced Three Phase Voltages
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are
equal in magnitude and in phase.
For a balanced wye connected load:

Z1  Z 2  Z3  Z Y
For a balanced delta connected load:

Za  Z b  Zc  Z 

1
Z   3Z Y ZY  Z
3
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
A balanced Y-Y system is a three phase system with a balanced Y
connected source and balanced Y connected load.
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
Zs  Source impedance

Z  Line impedance

ZL  Load impedance

Z Y  Total impedance per phase

Z Y  Zs  Z   Z L

ZY  ZL
 Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
Line to line voltages or line voltages:

Vab  3Vp 30 0

Vbc  3Vp   90 0
Vca  3Vp   2100

Magnitude of line voltages:

VL  3Vp
Vp  Van  Vbn  Vcn VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
Phasor diagram illustrating the relationship between line voltages and
phase voltages.
Vab
Vcn

o 30o
120 Van

Vbn
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
Balanced Y-Y connection
a A
+ Ia
Van Zy
-

n
N

In

c Vcn Vbn b C B
Ib

Ic
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
Applying KVL to each phase:
Van
Ia 
ZY
Vbn Van   120 0
Ib    I a   120 0
ZY ZY
Vcn Van   2400
Ic    I a   2400
ZY ZY
VnN  Z n I n  0
Ia  I b  Ic  I n  0
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection
A single phase equivalent circuit

Van
Ia 
ZY
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
A balanced Y- Δ system consists of balanced Y connected source
feeding a balanced Δ connected load.
 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
Line voltages: Phase currents:

Vab  3Vp 300  VAB V AB

I AB 
Z
Vbc  3Vp   900  VBC
VBC
I BC 
Vca  3Vp   2100  VCA Z
VCA
Line currents: I CA 
I a  I AB  I CA  3I AB   30 Z

I b  I BC  I AB  3I AB   150
I c  I CA  I BC  3I AB 90
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
A single-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced Y- circuit
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
I CA  I AB  2400 From phasor diagram

I a  I AB  I CA  I AB (1  1  2400 )
I a  I AB 3  300

Magnitude line currents:

IL  Ip 3

I L  Ia  Ib  Ic I p  I AB  I BC  I CA
Balanced Wye-Delta Connection
A single phase equivalent circuit

Z Van Van
ZY  Ia  
3 ZY Z / 3
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection
A balanced Δ - Δ system is one in which both balanced source and
balanced load are Δ connected.
 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection
Line voltages: Line currents: Phase currents:

Vab  VAN I a  I AB  I CA  3I AB   30 V AB

I AB 
Z
Vbc  VBN I b  I BC  I AB  3I AB   150
VBC
Vca  VCN I c  I CA  I BC  3I AB 90 I BC 
Z
Magnitude line currents: Total impedance: VCA
I CA 
Z
IL  Ip 3 Z
ZY 
3
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection
A balanced Δ -Y system consists of balanced Δ connected source
feeding a balanced Y connected load.
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection
Applying KVL to loop aANBba:

V p 0 0
Ia  Ib 
ZY
From:
I b  I a   120 0

I a  I b  I a 3300
Line currents:
Vp
  30 0
3
Ia 
ZY
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection
Replace Δ connected source to
Phase voltages:
equivalent Y connected source.

Vp
Van    300
3
Vp
Vbn    1500
3
Vp
Vcn    900
3
Balanced Delta-Wye Connection
A single phase equivalent circuit

Vp
  30 0
Van 3
Ia  
ZY ZY
POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM
Phase current lag phase voltage by θ.

If ZY  Z

The phase current:

ia  2I p cos(t  )
ib  2I p cos(t    1200 )
ic  2I p cos(t    1200 )
POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM
Total instantaneous power:

p  p a  p b  p c  v ANi a  v BNi b  v CNi c

p  3Vp I p cos 

Average power per phase: Reactive power per phase:

Pp  Vp I p cos  Q p  Vp I p sin 

Apparent power per phase: Complex power per phase:

Sp  Vp I p Sp  Pp  jQ p  Vp I*p
POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM
Total average power:

P  3Pp  3Vp I p cos   3VL I L cos 

Total reactive power:

Q  3Q p  3Vp I p sin   3VL I L sin 

Total complex power:
2
3V
S  3Sp  3Vp I*p  3I 2p Zp  *p
Zp

S  P  jQ  3VL I L 
 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM
Power loss in two wires:
2
P
Ploss  2I 2L R  2R L2
VL
Power loss in three wires:

2 2
P P
Ploss  3I L2 R  3R L 2  R L2 PL : power absorbed by the load
3V L VL
IL : magnitude of line current
VL : line voltage
R : line resistance
 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement
cc = current coil
vc = voltage coil

W1 read

P1  VAB I A cos 1
W2 read

P2  VCB I C cos  2

For balanced load with abc phase sequence

1   a  30 and  2   a  30

 a is the angle between phase current and phase voltage of phase a
Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement(cont.)
P  P1  P2
 2VL I L cos  cos 30
 3VL I L cos 
To determine the power factor angle

P1  P2  VL I L 2 cos  cos 30

P1  P2  VL I L ( 2sin  sin 30)
P1  P2 VL I L 2 cos  cos 30  3
 
P1  P2 VL I L ( 2sin  sin 30) tan 
P1  P2  P1  P2 
 tan   3 or   tan  3
1

P1  P2  P1  P2 
Electrodynamic Wattmeter
Digital Power Meter VAR Meter

pf Meter