Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Elaine Rich
One Vision of an AI
A Calmer Vision
Could AI Stop This?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
•Historical attempts
•The modern quest for robots and intelligent agents
•Us vs. Them
Historical Attempts - Frankenstein
http://www.theturkbook.com
Historical Attempts - Euphonia
Joseph Faber's Amazing Talking Machine (1830-40's). The Euphonia and other early
talking devices are described in detail in a paper by David Lindsay called "Talking Head",
Invention & Technology, Summer 1997, 57-63.
Some references state that term "robot" was derived from the Czech word
robota, meaning "work", while others propose that robota actually means "forced
workers" or "slaves." This latter view would certainly fit the point that Capek was
trying to make, because his robots eventually rebelled against their creators, ran
amok, and tried to wipe out the human race. However, as is usually the case
with words, the truth of the matter is a little more convoluted. In the days when
Czechoslovakia was a feudal society, "robota" referred to the two or three days
of the week that peasants were obliged to leave their own fields to work without
remuneration on the lands of noblemen. For a long time after the feudal system
had passed away, robota continued to be used to describe work that one wasn't
exactly doing voluntarily or for fun, while today's younger Czechs and Slovaks
tend to use robota to refer to work that’s boring or uninteresting.
http://www.maxmon.com/1921ad.htm
The Roots of Modern Technology
5thc B.C. Aristotelian logic invented
1642 Pascal built an adding machine
chocolate
nuts
mint
Mathematics in the Early 20th Century –
(Looking Ahead: Will Logic be the Key to
Thinking?)
1900 Hilbert’s program and the effort to formalize
mathematics
50 60 70 80 90 00 10
http://www.alicebot.org/
Alice, Again
To play master-level
chess requires searching
about 8 ply deep. So
about 358 or 21012 nodes
must be examined.
Exponential Growth
But Chess is Easy
The number of parses for an expression with n terms is the n’th Catalan number:
2n 2 n
Cat (n)
n n 1
Can We Get Around the Search Problem ?
How Much Compute Power Does it Take?
40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10
Low-level (Sensory and Motor) Processing
and the Resurgence of Subsymbolic Systems
•Computer vision
•Motor control
•Subsymbolic systems perform cognitive tasks
•Detect credit card fraud
•Games
•Theorem proving
Games
•Chess
•Checkers:
•1952-1962 Art Samuel built the first checkers
program
•Chinook became the world checkers champion in
1994
•Othello:
•Logistello beat the world champion in 1997
Games
•Chess
•Checkers: Chinook became the world checkers champion in
1994
•Othello: Logistello beat the world champion in 1997
•Go:
1967 Macsyma
Start Goal
But What About Knowledge?
•Why do we need it?
1961
Representing Knowledge – Capturing
Experience
Representing Experience with Scripts, Frames, and Cases
1977 Scripts
eXpertise2Go: http://www.expertise2go.com/
AcquiredIntelligence: http://www.aiinc.ca/demos/
(whales, graduate school)
Taking the SAT Exam
•Common sense
•Moving Around
•Language
What About Things that People Do Easily?
•Common sense
•CYC
•UT (http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/RKF/tree/ )
•WordNet (http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/)
•Moving around
•Language
Hand-Coded Knowledge vs. Machine Learning
•How much work would it be to enter knowledge by hand?
•Do we even know what to enter?
1952-62 Samuel’s checkers player learned its evaluation
function
1975 Winston’s system learned structural descriptions
from examples and near misses
http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/papers/fast-cheap.pdf
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/ants/
Robotics - Dante
1994 Dante II (CMU) explored
the Mt. Spurr (Aleutian Range,
Alaska) volcano. High-
temperature, fumarole gas
samples are prized by volcanic
science, yet their sampling poses
significant challenge. In 1993,
eight volcanologists were killed
in two separate events while
sampling and monitoring
volcanoes.
Using its tether cable anchored at the crater rim, Dante II is able
to descend down sheer crater walls in a rappelling-like manner to
gather and analyze high temperature gasses from the crater floor.
Robotics - Sojourner
Tutorial on Rover:
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/video/animation.html
Sandstorm
Humanoid
intelligence requires
humanoid
interactions with the
world.
http://www.eecs.mit.edu/100th/images/Brooks-Cog-Kismet.html
At the Other End of the Spectrum - Roomba
2001 A robot
vacuum cleaner
Natural Language Processing
1964 STUDENT solves algebra word problems
The distance from New York to Los Angeles is 3000 miles. If the
average speed of a jet plane is 600 miles per hour, find the time it
takes to travel from New York to Los Angeles by jet.
•Chatbots
•See the list at:
http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/natlang.html#chat/
•Speech systems
Austin Police are trying to find the person responsible for robbing a
bank in Downtown Austin.
I have a dream, that my four little children will one day live in a
nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but
by the content of their character. I have a dream today – Martin
Luther King
http://www.shtick.org/Translation/translation47.htm
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue caught the bass with her new rod.
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue caught (the bass) (with her new rod).
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue caught the bass with the dark stripes.
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue caught (the bass with the dark stripes).
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue played the bass with her new bow.
Why Is It So Hard?
Sue played the bass with her new bow.
•Newsblaster: http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/nlp/newsblaster/
Programming Languages
1958 Lisp – a functional programming language with a
simple syntax.
(successor SitA ActionP)
Neuron-Level Modeling
McCulloch Pitts neurons: all or none response
More sophisticated neurons and connections
More powerful learning algorithm
Making Money – Software
Emotions
Understanding
Consciousness
Emotions
sad surprise
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/
Understanding