1

Y
 

  

   

Shayer Jaleel
1RV07IT038
Vepartment of Instrumentation Technology
RVCE, Bangalore
 2

] Y

m
EVs are solid-state devices composed of thin
films of organic molecules that create light with
the application of electricity.
m
EVs can provide brighter, crisper displays on
electronic devices and use less power than
conventional light-emitting diodes (
EVs) or
liquid crystal displays (
CVs) used today.
m
EV is a solid-state semiconductor device that
is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200
times smaller than a human hair.
 

Y

 4

m Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the
EV.

m node (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes")

when a current flows through the device.

m rganic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

m Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that

transport "holes" from the anode. ne conducting polymer used in
EVs is
polyaniline.

m Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different

ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode;
this is where light is made. ne polymer used in the emissive layer is
polyfluorene.

m Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of
EV) -

The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
 5

£ 
Y

 

 6

Y
 
  
m The battery or power supply of the device containing the
EV
applies a voltage across the
EV.

m n electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through

the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).

m The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic

molecules.

m The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic

molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the
conductive layer.)

m t the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers,

electrons find electron holes.
 7

Y
 
   


m hen an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole
(it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).

m hen this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a

photon of light.

m The
EV emits light.

m The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the
emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films
on the same
EV to make color displays.

m The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of

electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.
 8

 Y
 Y


m The types of molecules used by Kodak scientists in 1987 in
the first
EVs were small organic molecules.

m lthough small molecules emitted bright light, scientists

had to deposit them onto the substrates in a vacuum (an
expensive manufacturing process called vacuum
deposition ).

m Since 1990, researchers have been using large polymer

molecules to emit light.

m olymers can be made less expensively and in large sheets,

so they are more suitable for large-screen displays.
 9

Y
  
The biggest part of manufacturing
EVs is applying the organic layers to the
substrate. This can be done in three ways:

m Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum

chamber, the organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to
condense as thin films onto cooled substrates. This process is expensive and
inefficient.

m rganic vapor phase deposition ( VV) - In a low-pressure, hot-walled

reactor chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto
cooled substrates, where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas
increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of making
EVs.

m Inkjet printing - ith inkjet technology,
EVs are sprayed onto substrates
just like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly
reduces the cost of
EV manufacturing and allows
EVs to be printed onto
very large films for large displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic
billboards.
 10

›



m assive-matrix
EV

m ctive-matrix
EV
 11

 ! "Y
Y


m M
EVs have strips of cathode, organic layers and
strips of anode.
m The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the
cathode strips.
m The intersections of the cathode and anode make up
the pixels where light is emitted.
m External circuitry applies current to selected strips
of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get
turned on and which pixels remain off
m M
EVs are easy to make, but they consume more
power than other types of
EV
m Best suited for small screens
 12

V ! "Y
VY


m M
EVs have full layers of cathode, organic
molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a
thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix.
m The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines
which pixels get turned on to form an image.
m M
EVs consume less power than M
EVs
because the TFT array requires less power than
external circuitry,
m M
EVs also have faster refresh rates suitable for
video.
m Best suited for large screens.
 1

Y# Y


m Transparent
EV

m Top-emitting
EV

m Foldable
EV

m hite
EV
 14

Y
 

m
ower power consumption

m Faster refresh rate and better contrast
m reater brightness - The screens are brighter, and
have a fuller viewing angle
m Exciting displays - new types of displays, that we do
not have today, like ultra-thin, flexible or
transparent displays
m Better durability -
EVs are very durable and can
operate in a broader temperature range
m
ighter weight - the screen can be made very thin,
and can even be 'printed' on flexible surfaces
 15

   
 
 16

Y
Y# $  
 17

V

m
ower cost in the future:
EVs can be printed onto any suitable
substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen printing

m
ight weight & flexible plastic substrates:
EV displays can be fabricated
on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic
light-emitting diodes being fabricated

m ider viewing angles & improved brightness:
EVs can enable a greater
artificial contrast ratio and viewing angle compared to
CVs because

EV pixels directly emit

m Better power efficiency:
CVs filter the light emitted from a backlight,
allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black,
while an inactive
EV element does not produce light or consume
power.

m Response time:
EVs can also have a faster response time than
standard
CV screens.
 18

 

m Current costs:
EV manufacture currently requires process steps that make
it extremely expensive.

m
ifespan: blue
EVs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours
to half original brightness (five years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-
panel displays.

m Color balance issues:
EV material used to produce blue light degrades
significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue
light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light.

m ater damage: ater can damage the organic materials of the displays.
Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical
manufacturing.

m Screen burn-in

m UV sensitivity:
EV displays can be damaged by prolonged exposure to UV

light.
 19

Y

   

 20

[ Y

m s a result of the sustained development of
organic light emitting diode (
EV) technology,
the market for
EV lighting and displays is
poised to grow from $615 million in 2008 to
more than $15.5 billion in 2014.
 21

£V
!%Y&