Database system

Role of Information system in

Organization
 What is ‘Information system’ ?

 What is ‘Data’ ?

 What is ‘Database’ ?
The organizational context for
using database system

 Information system
 Database system have become a part of
Information system of many organization.
 Earlier organizations was dominated by file
systems , that gradually moved to database
systems.
 Key for a successful management
The reasons,
 Data in regarded as a corporate resource, and its
management and control is considered central to the
effective working of the organization.

 As the complexity of data and applications grows,

complex relationships among the data need to be
modeled and maintained.

 There is a tendency towards consolidation of information

resource in many organizations.

 It reduces cost
 mainly personnel / employees , as end-users perform
task.
 Additional characteristics of
database system.
Data independence
 Protects application programs from changes in the
underlying logical organization and in the physical
access paths and storage structures.

External schema
 Allow the same data to be used for multiple
applications, with each application having its own
view of the data.
New capabilities and the features provided by
database system ,have made them an integral
components in computer-based information
systems:
 Integration of data across multiple applications into a
single database.

 Simplicity of developing new applications using

high-level languages like SQL.

 Possibility of supporting casual access for browsing

and querying by managers while supporting major
production-level transaction processing.
 Many organization now use data dictionary
which are mini DBMS that manage metadata.

 Describes the database structure, constraints,

applications, authorization, and so on.

 These are often used as an integral tool for

information resource management.
A useful data dictionary system
should store and manage the
following
 Description types of information.
of the schemas of the database system.

 Detailed information on physical database design, such

as storage structures, access paths, and file and record
sizes.

 Description of the database users, their responsibilities,

and their access rights.

 High-level descriptions of the database transactions and

applications and of the relationships of users to
transactions.
 The relationship between database transactions and
the data items referenced by them. This is useful in
determining which transactions are affected when
certain data definitions are changed.

 Usage statistics such as frequencies of queries and

transactions and access counts to different portions
of the database.
 Information system life
cycle
It includes the following phases,
 Feasibility analysis : concern with analyzing

potential application areas, identifying the economic

gathering and dissemination , performing
preliminary cost benefit studies etc.

 Requirements collection and analysis: Collected

by interacting with potential user.
 Design : has two aspects ,
 The design of the database system.

 Design of the application system that use and

process the data.

 Implementation : information system is

implemented , the database system loaded and the
database transaction are implemented and tested.
 Validation and acceptance test : the acceptability
of the system in meeting user requirements and
performance criteria is tested.

 Deployment , operation and maintenance:

 Preceded by Conversion of user from older

system.
 Operational phase starts when all system

functions are operational and validated.

 Monitoring and maintenance are important as new

requirement or application crop up.

Database application system
life cycle
Activities related are;
 System definition: the scope of the database
system, its users, and its application are
defined.

 Database design: complete logical and physical

design of the database system on the chosen
DBMS is ready.
 Database implementation: the process of
specifying the conceptual, external, and internal
database definition, creating empty data base
files, and implementation of software application.

 Loading or data conversion: loading the data

directly or by converting existing files into
database system format.

 Testing and validation : new system is tested

and validated.
 Operation : database system and its application
are put into operation. Usually Older and new
system are operated in parallel .

 Monitoring and maintenance: during

operational phase system is constantly
monitored and maintained. Major modification
and reorganization may be needed from time to
time.