m Collection of miniaturized test sites of

living entities (microarrays) arranged on

a solid substrate that permits many tests
to be performed at the same time in
order to achieve higher throughput,
speed, accuracy and smaller size.
m A biochip can perform thousands of
biological reactions, such as decoding
genes, in a few seconds.
m A unity between electronics and
biology/medicine
mRio + Chip = Riochip
‡ Rio: stands for any
biological entity eg: protein,
DNA
‡Chip: a computer chip
‡Riochip: a combination of
biological entity and a
computer.
mGenome chips,
Microarrays.
mMerge Riology and
Electronics to overcome
the brick wall

mLearn from natural

phenomena and improve
the current medical
technology

m1980s was the first time

Riological entities were put
on nonliving substrate.
Consists of two components:
mTransponder
mReader
mþassive Riochip: No
Ratteries and energy of its own.
mThe implantable biochip
mIt has a very long life, up to 99 years,
and no maintenance.
mComposed of
‡Microchip
‡Antenna coil
‡Tuning capacitor
‡ Glass Capsule
mComputer Microchip: Stores the unique ID
number.
mUsing a nnn-nnn-nnn format, the chip has
the capability of storing of over 70 trillion
unique numbers.
mAntenna Coil: þrimitive Radio antenna to
receive and send signals from the reader.
mMade up of coil of copper wire around a ferrite
or iron core.
mTuning Capacitor: Capacitor stores small
charge (1/1000 of Watt) sent by the reader.
m ³Radio waves" are utilized to communicate
between the transponder and reader, the
capacitor is "tuned" to the same frequency as the
reader.
mGlass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material
such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight)
sealed, covered with þolypropylene polymer.
mThe small capsule measuring 11 mm in length
and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an
uncooked grain of rice.
mTransmits a small signal
mCharges the tuning capacitor
mReceives ID number transmitted
by the transponder.
mTakes place very fast, in
milliseconds.
mDisplays the result in an
m LCD display. The reader
can include a RS-232 port
to attach a computer.
mInjected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath
the skin.
mInjection is safe and simple, comparable to
common vaccines. Anesthesia is not
required nor recommended.
mUsually behind the neck in cats and dogs.
mThe right hand and forehead in humans.
mDNA (Gene expression):
Human Genome þroject started in 1990 to study
genomes
mStudy of interactions of individual genes in an
organism
m Riochips helped to dramatically accelerate the
identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in
human DNA.
mÖaster diagnosis of diseases
mMedicine will improve
mþeople will live longer healthier lives.
mRiological warfare diagnoses
(eg: Anthrax)
mCreates more jobs and improves the
economy.
mNanotechnology has made it possible for a single chip to
possess more than million features with its detection abilities
than that of conventional methods.
mNanotechnology has made biochips more applicable for
commercialization purpose where biochips could be
implanted inside body to dynamically transmit the information
and monitor any biological changes in vivo.
mThere has been significant progress on applications of
biochips such as DNA chips, protein chips, and carbohydrate
chips, and MEMS/NEMS in the field of medical
nanotechnology.
m One could believe that when fused together, biochips and
nanotechnology will endlessly bring scientists to newer and
promising researching aspects.
mRiochips is a very broad field
‡Many different types of biochips
mRiochips is going to set the new trend in
Medicine
mStill in research phase, but soon will be
commercially used