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PROPAGATION OF

RADIO WAVES

^__^
Objective:
• What is Radio Propagation???

• Layers of the atmosphere

• How transmission of radio waves occur between


two Stations!!!!
Layers Of Atmosphere
The ionosphere, the top layer extending
to space (~ 600 Km), is composed of 600Km
ionized particles. Beyond this is free sapce.

The stratosphere, mid-layer extending


to 40 Km, has a relatively constant
temperature (isothermal).
40Km

The troposphere, the lower layer from


surface to 10 Km, contains all of the 10Km
moisture in the atmosphere.
Ionosphere:
• The air molecules of the ionosphere are subject to
• severe radiation from the sun.

• Ultraviolet radiation causes the molecules to ionize, or


separate into charged particles, positive and negative
ions.
• The highest degree of ionization occurs at the outer
extremities of the ionosphere.
Layers of Ionosphere
D Layer
• The D layer ranges from 50-90 Km and has the ability to
refract low frequency signals.
• The D layer disappears after sunset as its ions
recombine rapidly.

E Layer
• The E layer ranges from 90-120 Km and has the ability
to refract higher frequency signals (up to ~20 MHz).
• The E layer disappears by midnight as its ions
recombine.
F Layer

• The F layer ranges from 120-400 Km and reaches its


maximum height a noon.
• It refracts higher frequency signals (~30 MHz).
• Ions are very far apart and thus recombine slowly
leaving a fairly constant ionized layer.
• The F layer combines into one layer at night, and in the
presence of sunlight (during daytime), it divides into two
layers, the F1 and F2.
• The F layers are responsible for most skywave
propagation of radio waves, and are thickest and most
reflective of radio on the side of the Earth facing the sun.
Modes of Propagation:

Propagation Modes

Ground Wave Space Wave Sky Wave

Direct Wave Reflected Wave


Ground Wave Propagation:
• A ground wave is a radio wave that travels along the
earth’s surface (also referred to as a surface wave).
• A ground wave must be vertically polarized.
Ground Wave Contd.
• Lower frequencies travel efficiently as ground waves
because they are diffracted (or bent) by the surface of
the earth.
1. Medium frequency (MF, 300-3000 kHz)
2. Low frequency (LF, 30-300 kHz)
3. Extreme low frequency signals (ELF, 30-300 Hz)
used to communicate with submarines.
Space Wave Propagation:
• Space wave or direct wave transmission is by far the
most widely used mode of antenna communication.

• Line-of-sight communication is preferred above 30 MHz


particularly VHF,UHF and microwave.
Radio horizon:
• Radio horizon is the locus of points at which direct rays
from an antenna are tangential to the surface of the
Earth.
• Direct wave signals travel horizontally from the antenna
until the are blocked by the horizon.
Sky Wave Propagation:
• Sky waves are EM waves transmitted with a large angle
(A) with reference to the earth.
• These waves strike the ionosphere (B) and are
refracted back towards the earth.
• Upon striking the ground (C) they can be reflected back
to the ionosphere.
Sky wave Contd:
• They can be refracted again (D) before arriving at the
receiver (E).
• This process of refracting a reflecting is called skipping.

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