SEMINAR REPORT

ON

AI AND ITS
INTELLIGENT AGENTS

Name: - Ansul
Rekhani
Branch: - CSE
Regd. No.:
 INTRODUCTION

Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens –

man the wise – because our mental capacities are so important
to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of
artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand
intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to learn
more about ourselves.  
 
 WHAT IS AI?
We have now claimed why AI is exciting, but we have not said
what it is. We could just say, “Well, it has to do with some
smart programs, so let’s go on and write some”. But the
history of science shows that it’s helpful to aim at the right
goals.

The study of intelligence is one of the oldest disciplines. For

over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how
seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could or should
be done. At that point of time it was termed as “Faster than
EINSTEIN”.

Definitions of AI according to 8 recent textbooks are as

follows: -
Systems that think like
humans
“The exciting new effort to make
computers think…machines with
minds, in the full and literal
sense.” (Haugeland,1985)
“The automation of activities that
we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision –
making, problem solving,
learning…”(Bellman, 1978)
Systems that act like
humans
“The art of creating machines
that perform functions that
require intelligence when
performed by people.”
(Kurzweil,1990)
“The study of how to make
computers do things at which,at
Systems that think
rationally
“The study of mental faculties
through the use of computational
models.”(Charniak and
McDermott, 1985)
“The study of the computations
that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992)
Systems that act
rationally
“Computational Intelligence is the
study of the design of intelligent
agents.”(Poole et al.,1998)
“AI… is concerned with intelligent
Behavior in artifacts.” (Nilsson,
 What is
What is Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the Science and Engineering

00
that is concerned with the theory and practice of
developing systems that exhibit the characteristics
we associate with intelligence in human behavior:
perception, natural language processing, reasoning,
planning and problem solving, learning and
adaptation, etc.

3
 CAPABILITIES TO BE OWNED BY
THE COMPUTER
 natural language processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English.
 knowledge representation to store what it knows or
hears.
 automated reasoning to use the stored information to
answer questions and to draw new conclusions.
 machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to
detect and extrapolate patterns.
 computer vision to perceive objects.
 robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
 What is
What is an
an intelligent
intelligent agent
agent

An intelligent agent is a system that:

• perceives its environment (which may be the physical
world, a user via a graphical user interface, a collection of
other agents, the Internet, or other complex environment);
• reasons to interpret perceptions, draw inferences, solve
problems, and determine actions; and
• acts upon that environment to realize a set of goals or
tasks for which it was designed.

input/
sensors Intelligent
output/ Agent
user/ effectors
environment
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 AGENT PROGRAMS

Now we have to decide how to build a real program to

implement the mapping from percepts to action. Basically we
have 4 types of agent programs : -

 Simple Reflex Agent

 Model based Reflex Agent

 Goal based Agent

 Utility based Agent

 Simple Reflex Agent

The simplest kind of agent is the simple reflex agent.

These agents select actions on the basis of the current
percept, ignoring the rest of the past history.

Simplex reflex agents have the admirable property of being

simple, but they turn out to be of very limited intelligence.
 Sensors
Agent
What the world E
is like now? N
V
I
R
O
What action N
Condition-action I should do M
rules now E
N
T
Actuators
Model based Reflex Agent

The most effective way to handle is for the agent

to keep track of the part of the world it can’t see
now. That is, the agent should maintain some sort of
internal state that depends on the percept history
and thereby reflects at least some of the
unobserved aspects of the current state. The
knowledge about “how the world works” – is called a
model of the world. An agent that uses such a model
is called a model-based agent.
 Goal based Agent

Knowing about the current state of the environment

is not always enough to decide what to do. As well
as a current state description, the agent needs
some sort of goal information that describes
situations that are desirable.
Sometimes goal based action selection is
straightforward, when goal satisfaction results
immediately from a single action. Sometimes it’ll be
more tricky, when the agent has to consider long
sequences of twists and turns to find a way to
achieve the goal.
 Utility based Agents
Goals alone are not really enough to generate high–quality
behavior in most environments. An agent that possesses
an explicit utility function can make rational decisions,
and it can do so via a general-purpose algorithm that does
not depend on the specific utility function being
maximized.
When there are conflicting goals, only some of which can
be achieved, the utility function specifies the appropriate
tradeoff.
And, when there are several goals that the agent can aim
for, none of which can be achieved with certainty, utility
provides a way in which the likelihood of success can be
weighed up against the importance of the goals.
 How to evaluate the agents?
We use the term performance measure for the how – the
criteria that determine how successful an agent are.
 The when of evaluating performance is also important. It’s
required in the case of rewarding the agents that start
fast and to punish those that work lazily. Thus, we want
to measure performance over the long run.
 In summary, what is rational at any given time depends on 4
things: -
1. The performance measure that defines degree of
success.

2. What the agent knows about the environment.

3. The actions that the agent can perform.

 Conclusion

AI currently encompasses a huge variety of sub

fields, from general-purpose areas such as
perception and logical reasoning; to specific tasks
such as playing chess, proving mathematical
theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing diseases.
Often, scientists in other fields move gradually into
artificial intelligence, where they find the tools and
vocabulary to systematize and automate the
intellectual tasks on which they have been working
all their lives. Similarly, workers in AI can choose to
apply their methods to any area of human
intellectual endeavor. In this sense, it is truly a
universe field.
 REFRENCES
• Avins, J. (2000). DSP Trick: Binary / Gray
Code Conversion
• http://www.dspguru.com/comp.dsp/tricks/a
lg/grayconv.htm
• Brogan, D. (2004). Making Complex Decisions,
University of Virginia,
• www.cs.virginia.edu/~cs416/2004Fall/Lectures/l
ecture19.ppt
THANK YOU