V Nominal pro-form

V Verbal pro-form
V Clausal pro-form
V p

function as the head word of the nominal
group and can substitute only one element, the
head word of the antecedent nominal group, and
can change from antecedent word in number. It is a
grammatical element.
Ex: These copy of the notice is blurred, but the other

 appear to be satisfactory.
If the antecedent is an uncountable noun than ellipsis,
which is an omission, is more preferable.
Ex: This bread is stale-get some fresh  À =bread)
V It expresses facts and can function for all types
of substitution. In some special sentence it is
preceded by the verb • 
V 


 
 


 



Àexpresses an action in a substantivized
form). It is a lexical element.
Ex: I·ll contribute ten dollars if you 


.
V 9


Àimplicates the whole nominal
group)
Ex: A: I will have two poached eggs on toast
please.
B: I·ll have 


.

In Albanian the adjective  

is followed with

the noun 
to form the nominal substituting
phrase.
Ex: A: Do te marr dy veze te ziera me buke te
thekur ju lutem.
B: 
 


do te marr dhe une.
V It can substitute a clause despite it lacks a clear
border between so as nominal substituting
element and verbal substituting element.
V It is placed after the predicate 
 and in
front position in Albanian.
Ex: Are they reliable?-I believe/think 
Jane ato te besueshem?- 
 besoj/mendoj.
The infinitive and gerund form should always be
followed by the word 
V Do- it functions as the head word of verbal
group and it has always a terminal position. It
can substitute a whole clause.
Ex: John is smoking more now than Mary is
 .
Do + it/that this
Ex: The important thing is to keep confident. I can
 .
It is mainly anaphoric but in some cases it can be
cataphoric.
Ex: Kim 
, will you accept nomination too?
V It is a more formal variant of do pro-form.
Ex: A:I didn·t invite him, but I did Pat.
B: Nuk e ftova ate, por ftova Patin.
NOT por Ê
 
 me Patin.
In Albanian language Ê
 and 
Ê
 are not
acceptable and are replaced with repetition.
V Clausal substitution in Questions and Answers
À9p and p).

V 9ubstitution in reported speech, conditionals

and sentences with modality.
ÀThe positive and negative form,  and ).
V Ghy did you give me a present when I told
you  g ?
Not- can stand as a whole clause.
Ex: A:I think you should leave now.
B:  without any money.
Ex: If he said , he will come.
In Albanian ellipsis is more preferable.
V Pro-forms in reported speech
Ex: A: «If you have seen them so often, of course
you know what they are like.
B:´I believe Ñ-Alice replied thoughtfully.
V Pro-forms in conditionals

Ex: I may come tonight. If , I·ll try to manage

tomorrow.
V Pro-forms in sentences showing modality.

Ex: Perhaps we are going to have a storm,-

Perhaps .