Honda of the UK Manufacturing Ltd.

NH Circle Programme Training

Quality Tools
Quality Tools - Deming Control Circle

Schedule work with a clear purpose.

•

• Carry out every day procedures & confirm.

• If results show deviation from schedule:

- Modify Procedure
- Or, if required modify schedule.
Quality Tools - Deming Control Circle

• Activities for achieving purpose & target

are referred to as ‘CONTROL’

• The ‘CONTROL’ activities are carried out

in 4 stages called the ‘CONTROL CIRCLE’.

• To carry out any task ensure you use the

‘ CONTROL CIRCLE CYCLE (P-D-C-A)’.
Quality Tools - Deming Control Circle

Plan
•
A P
• Do
C D
• Check
Aim is continuous improvement • Action
Quality Tools – 5 W’s & 2 H’s
Whenever you need to check a concern
always ask the 5W’s & 2 H’s

5 W’S 2 H’S
• WHY • HOW
• WHERE • HOW MANY
• WHAT
• WHEN
• WHO
 Quality Tools – 3 Gens
To fully understand any concern &
implement any improvement, it is first
necessary to observe

• GENBA - Go to the Actual Location

• GENBUTSU - Look at the Actual Product or

concern

• GENJITSU - See the Actual Situation

 Quality Tools – Flowcharts
Information

• A pictorial view to begin the

Flowchart

to help you
understand
how processes
or activities Document
Decisio Tasks during
the process
n
flow. YES
Points
NO

• Starting point to End or

break to
simplify a process. begin new
Flowchart
Revie
w
Quality Tools – Flowchart Steps
• Determine start, end & boundaries.
• Brainstorm list of all steps.
• List all inputs, outputs & decision points.
• Arrange steps in order they occur.
• Make sure sequence is exactly as it happens.
• Use post-it notes to ease moves & additions.
Quality Tools – Flowchart Steps
• Draw the flow using the symbols & arrows.
• Keep level of detail constant.
• Use normal language & avoid jargon.
• Add title, author’s name & date of preparation.
• Test Flowchart (process, symbols & arrows).
• Check it out on someone not involved.
• Finalise & draw the ideal Flowchart.
Flowchart Example - Buying a Car
Prepared by: J Smith
Date: 13 March 2002
Current
Need Sales
Price
List a new Literature
car
INPUT

Collect & B
Examine
brochures

KEY TO
B
RESPONSIBILITY
Analyse B = Buyer
Price & S = Salesperson
NO options

B Visit showroom B
Buy the YES
Still want car test & negotiate
car S S

OUTPUT

New Car
Flowchart – One for you to try!
From the description of the game of craps below, create a flowchart

1. First lay out your stake, then throw the dice.

2. If you throw a 7 or 11 on the first roll, you win, and you get to roll
again. If you throw 2 or 12 you loose, this is called ‘crapping out’.
3. Whenever you loose you must pass the dice.
4. If you throw any number other than 2, 7, 11 or 12, you get to throw
again to try to ‘make your point’, i.e. throw that same number
again. For example, if you throw a 4, then roll again trying to
make another 4. If you don’t throw a 4, you keep trying unless
you throw a 7.
5. If you throw a 7 before you throw a 4 (or whatever point you are
trying to make), you lose. This is called ‘craps’. If you throw a 4
(or whatever other point you are trying to make), before you throw
a 7, then you win, and you get to roll again.
Flowchart – The Game of Craps

Lay Stake

Roll Dice (#1)

YES 7 or
11?
NO

2 or YES
12?
NO
Roll Dice (#2)

YES
7?

NO
Pass on the dice
YES Same as NO
Collect Winnings
(#1)
Quality Tools - 7 Statistical Methods
• Pareto - Used for locating &
Diagram focusing on concerns.

• Fishbone - Sums up the relationship

Diagram between each characteristic
(concern) & the factors
(causes).

- Allows display of many

possible causes.
- A brainstorming tool.
Quality Tools - 7 Statistical Methods

• Histogram - Used to show a general

view of process data.
- Summarises process
date collected over time.
- Stratification often
needed.

• Stratification - Organising data into

useful & meaningful lots.
Quality Tools - 7 Statistical Methods
• Scatter - Used to learn the
Diagram relationship between 2
sets of data.

• Check - Used to gather &

Sheets arrange data.

• Graphs & - Used to arrange data

Control Charts pictorially & make it easier
to understand.
 X & Y - AXIS ON GRAPHS
X -AXIS 30
• Along the bottom. 25

 Y - AXIS
- You learn to crawl 20
along the floor on all 15
fours ‘X’. CIVIC
10
ACCORD
Y-AXIS 5
• Horizontal – Up both sides. 0

W/LEAK
PAINT

TRIM
- When older you can stand
up and reach for the sky ‘Y’.  X - AXIS
 PARETO DIAGRAM

Quality %
• Shows concerns by listing
90 100% them in order of quantity in
80
the form of a bar.
70

Cumulative Occupancy Rate

No. of
Concern 60
Items

• The % shown on the right

50
50%
40

30 hand Y –Axis shows the

20
cumulative occupancy rate
10
in the form of a Kinked
0 0
Line Graph.
Painting

Scratch

Deform

Plating

other
Dirt
 Pareto Diagram - 3 Steps

1. Collect the data

ITEM Number of
Concern Items
Scratch 15

2. Prepare a Calculation Chart Painting

Plating
Deforms
20
5
10
Dirt 35
Other 5
TOTAL 90

3. Prepare the Pareto Diagram

 Pareto Step 1 – Collect Data
Collect the data in the form of a table.

ITEM Number of
Concern Items
Scratch 15 This example shows
Painting 20 data by item, about
Plating 5 concerns in an
appearance inspection
Deforms 10
of 500 cars over a period
Dirt 35 of 1 month.
Other 5
TOTAL 90
Step 2 – Prepare Calculation Chart
Calculation Chart Preparation – 4 Stages

1. 2. 3. 4.
ITEM Number of Accumulative No Occupanc Cumulative %
Occupamcy Rate
Concern Items of Concern Items y Rate %
Dirt 35 35 38.9 38.9
Painting 20 55 22.3 61.2
Scratch 15 70 16.7 77.9
Deform 10 80 11.1 89.0
sPlating 5 85 5.5 94.5
Other 5 90 5.5 100
TOTAL 90 n/a 100 n/a

1. Re-arrange in order of frequency

2. Calculate the accumulated no. of concern items.
3. Calculate the % occupancy rate for each item.
4. Calculate the % cumulative occupancy rate
Step 3 – Prepare the Pareto Diagram
ITEM Number of Accumulative No Occupanc Cumulative %
Concern Items of Concern Items y Rate % Occupamcy Rate
Dirt 35 35 38.9 38.9
Painting 20 55 22.3 61.2
Scratch 15 70 16.7 77.9
Deform
s
Plating
10
5 85
80 11.1
5.5
89.0
94.5
1. Graduate left hand Y – Axis to allow
Other
TOTAL
5
90
90
n/a
5.5
100
100
n/a entry of all data (N=90)
Quality %
90 100%
N = 90
80
Number of items
Motel: Model A 2. Ratio of Y to X - Axis should be
70
inspected: 500 Period: 1-30 Nov98
1 : 1 to 2 : 1
No. of Prepared By:
Concern 60 J. Bloggs
Items
50
3. Enter items on X - Axis in form of a
Cumulative Occupancy Rate

50%
40 Bar Graph
30

20

10
4. No gas between bars & “other” last.
0 0
Painting

Scratch

Deform

Plating

other
Dirt
 Step 3 – Continued
ITEM Number of Accumulative No Occupanc Cumulative %
Concern Items of Concern Items y Rate % Occupamcy Rate
Dirt 35 35 38.9 38.9
Painting 20 55 22.3 61.2
Scratch 15 70 16.7 77.9
Deform 10 80 11.1 89.0
s
Plating 5 85 5.5 94.5
Other 5 90 5.5 100
Quality % TOTAL 90 n/a 100 n/a
90 100%
N = 90
Number of items
80 Motel: Model A
inspected: 500
Period: 1-30 Nov98
70 Prepared By: J. Bloggs
4. Insert the cumulative occupancy rate in
No. of
Concern 60
Cumulative Occupancy Rate
the form of a Kinked Line Graph.
Items 61.2%
50
50% 5. To show cumulative occupancy rate (%)
40
- Mark R/H Y – Axis opposite total
30
quantity 90 which is on L/H Y - Axis as
20
100%.
10
- Graduate 0 - 100% range on R/H
0 0 Y - Axis.
Painting

Scratch

6. Enter relevant details.

Deform

Plating

other
Dirt
DETERMINE CUMULATIVE OCCUPANCY RATE %

Example
You want to see what % of the
total Dirt & Painting account for?
Quality %
90 100% 1. Draw a vertical line up from
80 Motel: Model A Painting block to the Kinked
70
N = 90
Number of items
Period: 1-30 Nov98 Line graph.
Prepared By: J. Bloggs
No. of inspected: 500
Concern
Cumulative Occupancy Rate
60
Items 61.2%
2. From the point the vertical line
50
50%
intersects the Kinked Line
40
Graph draw a horizontal arrow
30 to the R/H Y - Axis.
20
3. The point the arrow intersects
10
the R/H Y – Axis indicates the %
0 0 Dirt & Painting occupy, i.e.
61.2%.
Painting

Scratch

Deform

Plating

other
Dirt
 Pareto Diagram – Viewing & Using

To determine the areas for improvement:

• Only top 2 or 3 items have any great influence.
• Pareto Diagrams help target effort.
• Complete a Pareto for the top items for causes
• Repeat the Pareto following corrective action
to check effects of any counter-measures.
 Pareto Diagrams - Prioritising
• It is worth noting that when preparing Pareto
Diagrams, the concern should be viewed from

different aspects.
• Don’t just look at the concern in relation to
frequency of occurrence. Examine the time
factor to correct the concern – the result may
alter your priority item/s to be tackled.
Pareto Diagram – Frequency V Time
Conce rn Item Quantity Unit Tim e to FixTotal Time to Fix Pareto by Repair Time
Dirt in paint 12 10 mins 120 mins. 100%
n = 652
Scratch 19 5 mions. 95 mins
600
Deform 7 20 mins 140 mins
Loose mirror 9 3 mins. 27 mins Pareto by Frequency
W ater leak 6 45 mins. 270 mins n = 53 100%
50 500
75%

40 400 63%
75%

By Frequency 50%
Concern Item Qty Accumulative Qty 30
58% 300

Scratch 19 19
50%
Dirt in paint 12 31
Loose Mirror 9 40 20 200

Deform 7 47 25%

Water Leak 6 53 25%

10 100

By Repair Time
Concern Item Time Accumulative Time 0 0% 0 0%

Dirt in Paint

Loose Mirror

Water leak

Water leak

Dirt in Paint

Loose Mirror
Scratch

Deform

Deform

Scratch
Water leak 270 mins. 270 mins
Deform 140 mins 410 mins
Dirt in paint 120 mins 530 mins
Scratch 95 mins 625 mins
Loose Mirror 27 mins. 652 mins
 Characteristics Diagram
also known as:
Fish Bone, Cause & Effect or Ishikawa Diagram

Allows a quick understanding at a

Factor Factor glance by:
• Classifying Causes (Factors).

Backbone
Characteristic • That are considered to effect the
result (Characteristic) of a
ne

Medium
Bi g B o

Miniature
specific kind of activity.
all
Sm

Factor Factor • The use of arrows show the

relationship between the items.
 Characteristic Diagram
A Brain Storming Tool
• Allows many opinions in
Factor Factor one diagram.
• Allows greatest number
Backbone of Associates to
Characteristic
exchange opinions.
ne

Medium
Bi g Bo

Miniature • Leads to a firm

all
Sm

understanding of the
Factor Factor cause/s of concerns &
taking appropriate actions.
Preparing a Characteristics Diagram

The 4 Steps:

1. Determine the Characteristics.

2. Enter the Factors.

3. Check the Factors.

4. Enter the necessary information.

 Step 1 – Typical Characteristics
• Quality Dimension, performance, appearance.

• Cost Profit, loss, material/labour cost, re-work.

Shipping N + 1, RFT, Operating rate,

production volume.

Absence, lateness, benefits.

Number of accidents, accident free days, type

of injuries.

Energy consumption, emissions, spillage,

recycling, land fill reduction.
Step 1 – Inputting the Characteristics

• Draw an arrow from left to

right which serves as the
backbone.

Characteristic

• At the tip of the arrow

enter the chosen
Characteristic and enclose

in a box.
 Step 2 – Enter the Factors
• Enter the Factors at the end
of the big bones which join
Factor Factor
the backbone.

Characteristic

• The “4 M’s” are usually

Bone
Bi g

entered as Factors.
Factor Factor
Alternatively the process
names may be used.
 The 4 M’s - (Factors)

Factor
Material Factor
Machine
1. Material

2. Machine
Characteristic
3. Man

Man
Factor Method
Factor
4. Method
 Step 3 – Check the Factors
Check:
• Each factor starting with the
medium bones.
Poor Quality
Characteristic • Proceed to the small and miniature
one

Experience Medium bones until you reach items so

Bi g B

Miniature concrete they allow actions to be

a ll

taken.
Sm

Not Trained

New Starters Factor

Man
• Encircle in or those factors
likely to effect the characteristic and
where further consideration/actions
are needed.
Step 4 – Enter the Necessary Items

Include:
• Purpose
• Date
• Time if applicable.
• Name of Associate who prepared the
Characteristic Diagram.
 Viewing & Using a Characteristics Diagram
• When all necessary factors are entered a large number of
bones should result.
• If there are only a small number of bones, then the
“Factors” should be checked – You may need to use
different ones.
• In a well prepared Characteristics Diagram various
factors are complexly meshed together.
• Encircling key items in for example will help
highlight items for consideration and potential
improvement.
• The use of Pareto or Histograms for these items will
improve effectiveness.
Characteristics Diagram - Example
Process: Sintering Furnace
Muffle
Material Preparation Date: 12 Nov 2000
Work Method Prepared by: J Smith
Shape
Deformation Period
Temperature Speed
Jigs Season Time Contents Revision
Cooling Weight
Charging into
Materialincinerator Work Standard
Speed
Tray
Time Temperature Zone composition Understanding
Charging order
Procedure
Heating Structure
Number of stages
Time Measuring Method
Tray processing
How it flows Gas Flow capability Parts mounting Type
Atmosphere Hardness meter
Quality Position
Gas composition Dew point
Hardness of
Sintered Parts
Density Weight
Composition Production
Balance
schedule
Moulding Environment Fatigue
Alloy elements
Shape Volume Ratio Amount of Work
Iron Powder
Physical condition Balance
Density Kind Degree of
Powder Mixed Powder understanding
Irritation
Purity Type of Education
Mixed density Education Knowledge
Quantity Size
Flow rate Eagerness
Carbon powder To work
Usage Amount of
Experience Skill
knowledge
Experience
Equipment (Jigs) Personnel
 Histograms

Histo g ra m o f M ec h a n ic a l P arts D im en s io n (S ta n d ard : 25 .35 +/- 0 .06 m m .)

28 n = 100
Standard Range
• Arranges large quantities
26

24
of process data allowing
22

20
an easy understanding of
18

16
the entire system.
Frequency

14

12

10

2
• Allows a general view of
0

25.28 25.30 25.32 25.34 25.36 25.38 25.40

a situation which is
25.27 25.29 25.31 25.33 25.35
P a rts Dim e nsio n (m m )
25.37 25.39 25.41
difficult to understand by
merely looking at the data.
 Histograms
Features Include:
• Shows how data is Histogram of Mechanical Parts Dimension (Standard: 25.35 +/- 0.06 mm.)
28 n = 100
Standard Range

distributed.
26

24

22

20

18

Frequency
16

14

• Shows presence of 12

10

scattered data. 6

25.28 25.30 25.32 25.34 25.36 25.38 25.40 25.42

25.27 25.29 25.31 25.33 25.35 25.37 25.39 25.41

• Allows comparison of
Parts Dimension (mm)

obtained data with relevant

standard.

• Shows actual situation.

 Histograms - 3 Steps

1. Collect the data.

2. Prepare Frequency Distribution Table.

3. Prepare the Histogram.

Histogram - Step 1 Collect the Data
• Collect the data on a pre-prepared Data Sheet.
• The following example is prepared from the
measurements of the outer diameter of Machined
Part ‘A’. Samples were picked up at a rate of 5 per

day for a 20D aday

ta
period. D a ta
D a te X1 X2 X 3 X4 X 5 D a te X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5
0 6-S e p 13 .8 1 4.2 13 .9 1 3.7 1 4.8 20-S e p 13.6 13.8 13.8 13.6 1 3.8
0 7-S e p 14 .2 1 4.1 13 .5 1 4.3 1 4.0 21-S e p 14.1 14.0 13.0 14.2 1 4.7
1 0-S e p 13 .4 1 4.3 14 .2 1 4.1 1 3.9 24-S e p 14.0 13.7 13.8 14.8 1 3.7
1 1-S e p 14 .2 1 3.7 13 .8 1 4.1 1 3.7 25-S e p 13.5 14.1 14.0 13.6 1 4.3
1 2-S e p 13 .9 1 4.5 14 .0 1 3.3 1 3.8 26-S e p 15.0 ^ 13.9 13.5 13.9 1 4.2
1 3-S e p 14 .1 1 2 .9 * 13 .9 1 4.1 1 3.7 27-S e p 13.7 14.0 14.1 13.7 1 3.5
1 4-S e p 13 .6 1 4.0 14 .0 1 4.4 1 4.3 28-S e p 14.0 13.2 14.5 13.9 1 4.2
1 7-S e p 14 .6 1 3.7 14 .7 1 3.6 1 4.3 0 1-O ct 13.9 14.8 13.6 14.0 1 4.8
1 8-S e p 14 .4 1 4.0 13 .7 1 4.1 1 3.9 0 2-O ct 13.5 13.9 14.0 14.7 1 4.5
1 9-S e p 13 .1 1 4.4 14 .4 1 4.9 1 4.0 0 3-O ct 14.4 14.5 13.8 13.3 1 4.0

* = Smallest Value ^ = Largest Value

Step 2 – Prepare Frequency Distribution Table

• Decide how many

classes and class ranges
Frequency Distribution Table to divide data into & enter.
Class No. Class Range (mm) Midrange
1
2
12.85 - 13.05
13.05 - 13.25
12.95 ll
13.15 ll
Check Freq.
2
2
• Enter midranges for
3
4
13.25 - 13.45
13.45 - 13.65
13.35 lll
13.55 llll llll l
3
11
each class.
5 13.65 - 13.85 13.75 llll llll llll lll 18
6
7
13.85 - 14.05
14.05 - 14.25
13.95 llll llll llll llll llll
14.15 llll llll llll l
24
16 • Count & mark off in
8
9
14.25 - 14.45
14.45 - 14.65
14.35 llll llll
14.55 llll
10
5 the Check Column.
10 14.65 - 14.85 14.75 llll ll 7

• Enter totals in the

11 14.85 - 15.05 14.95 ll 2
Total 100
Frequency Column &
Total the column.

Total should = “n”

 Step 3 – Prepare the Histogram
• Graduate the X-Axis
Histogram of Part A Outer Diameter

26 Standard 14.0 +/- 1.5 & enter the class

values (Midrange).
24

22 n = 100 Part No. : 11000-384-0000

Part Name: Part A
20 M easuring point: Hole

• Graduate the Y-Axis

M easuring Period:
18 6 Sep98 - 3Oct99
Prep Date: 6Oct98
Frequenc

16 Prep by: J . Bloggs

with the frequency

14
y

12

10

4 • Draw the Bar Graph.

2

There should be no
12.55 12.95 13.35 13.75 14.15 14.55 14.95 15.35
12.75 13.15 13.55 13.95 14.35 14.75 15.15

Parts Dimension (mm)

• gaps.
Enter the details,
including standard
range.
 Viewing & Using a Histogram
Observe the shape to locate abnormality:
• Neat shape = Stable process.
• Irregular shape = Abnormality.
• Rough guide of kind of abnormality.
Various Shapes of Histograms

Stable Process Precipice Type

Missed Tooth Type Isolated Island Type

Viewing & Using a Histogram
Entry of standard values shows/allows:

When data satisfies standard In the case of a large discrepancy

In the case of eccentricity In the case of eccentricity & large discrepancy

• Conformity to relevant standards.

• Degree of acceptability/unacceptability.
• Ability to locate areas for improvement.
 Stratification
• Stratification is gathering & observing large
quantities of data that may allow some kind of
information to be obtained.

• If various factors are mixed together, proper

measures & judgements can not be taken.

• Therefore data should be classified prior to

gathering based on the 4 M’s or QCDMES.
Examples of Stratification based on the 4M’s
Associate • Each Associate, Team of Associate
doing the same kind of work, etc.
classified by age or number of years
experience.

Machinery • Classified by fabricating machine, jig, tool

&
Equipment and new or old machine device.

Raw Material • Classified by supplier, trademark, lot,

receiver, time of purchase & storage
period or method.

Work Method • Classified by work method, measuring

method & working conditions.
 Stratification Examples
HISTOGRAM - OUTER DIAMETER OF PART A - MACHINE A & B
Standard Range
60

50

40

30

20

10

Days Absent by Associate

A
B

Associate
C

Stratification into Machine A & B D

E
HISTOGRAM - OUTER DIAMETER OF PART A - MACHINE A F
Standard Range G
30 H
25 I
20
15
10
Number of Days Absent
5
0

HISTOGRAM - OUTER DIAMETER OF PART A - MACHINE B

Standard Range
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
 Scatter Diagram
SCATTER DAIGRAM CONCERNING
HRC
65 QUENCHING TEMPERATURE & HARDNESS • Pareto & Histograms are
60
used to obtain
information using one
type of data.
Hardness

55

50

• Scatter Diagrams
Period: 12Oct98 - 10Nov98
Process: Quenching Machine
A
45
Prep. Date: 13 Nov98
Prepared by: A.N. Other
represent two types of
0

C
data related to each other,
80 850 900
0 Quenching e.g. human height &
weight.
Scatter Diagrams - The 4 Steps

1. Gather the corresponding data.

2. Prepare the graph.

3. Plot the data on the graph.

4. Enter the relevant details.

Step 1 – Gather the Corresponding Data
• Minimum of 30 lots of data required.
Quenching H
ardness Q
uenching H
ardness
0 0
N
o. Temp.( C) (H
RC) N
o. Temp.( C) (H
RC)
1 850 50 17 910 55
2 870 52 18 810 47
3 860 50 19 810 44
4 840 49 20 900 57
5 850 51 21 860 51
6 880 55 22 830 46
7 830 47 23 850 46
8 840 46 24 880 54
9 870 51 25 910 57
10 830 50 26 860 49
11 840 48 27 860 50
12 870 51 28 880 48
13 890 57 29 870 55
14 870 53 30 910 59
15 850 48 31 890 55
16 820 44 32 900 56
 Steps 2/3/4
Prepare, Plot Graph & Enter Details

HRC
65
SCATTER DAIGRAM CONCERNING
QUENCHING TEMPERATURE & HARDNESS
1. Enter causes (Factors) on
60
X-Axis and results
(Characteristics) on Y-Axis.
55
Hardness

50
2. X & Y-Axis should be almost
45
Period: 12Oct98 - 10Nov98
Process: Quenching
almost equal in length.
Machine A
Prep. Date: 13 Nov98
Prepared by: A.N. Other
0

80 85 90 C

Quenching
Temperature 3. Values increase as you go
across the X-Axis & up Y-Axis.
 Scatter Diagram – Viewing & Using
• Positive correlation - Y increases with X.

Positive Correlation Positive Correlation Likely No Correlation

• Negative correlation - Y decreases as X increases.

Negative Correlation Negative Correlation Likely Correlation may be Found if

Stratification is carried out
 Check Sheets
• Prepared in advance.
• Used to gather & arrange collected data.
• No fixed format – Designed to suit each case.
• Allows a general view of data.
Model: XY123 Engine Concern Check Sheet
Day/Month
07-Oct 08-Oct 09-Oct 10-Oct 11-Oct 12-Oct 13-Oct 14-Oct 15-Oct 16-Oct
Defect
TP Re-adjust. l l ll l ll l
Goveror Re-adjust. llll llll lll llll llll lll lll ll ll llll
Bolt Re-tighten l I I I
Other I II I I II I III I II I
Total 7 7 6 8 7 5 6 5 6 6
T/Ldr. Signature X
Co-Ord Signature X
 Graphs
Advantages of using graphs:
• It is extremely difficult to observe numeric
changes when data is merely gathered & entered
on paper. Graphs present a visual picture which
is easier to understand.

• Graphs break down language barriers.

• Graphs help in decision making & in taking

appropriate actions.
 Commonly Used Graphs

• Bar Graphs

• Kinked-Line Graphs

• Circle Graphs

• Strip Graphs
 Bar Graphs
• Bar Graphs compare two or more quantities
represented by the length of the bars.
Write date of data & other
related information in
middle of lower part of graph Gap between bars should be
Unit -Write
outside £.K half or equal to bar width
1998 Total Sales:
240
240 £1,020.000
220 Bar Totals
200 - Optional
180
180
Y-Axis 160 160
Description 140
Sales 140
120
120 Enter date of preparation
100
100
80
& name of person who
80
Prepared by: A. Other
60 prepared graph
Prep. Date: 6J an99
40
Number the scale 20
0

Enter Zero
Sales Classified by Branch
Datum Line
- Always set at zero

Title is generally located Name bar items on X-Axis

under the graph
 Kinked-Line Graph
• Used to show quantity changes over time.
Enter the Unit Enter date of preparation
& name of person who
(% )
prepared graph
2.0
Prepared by: J. Bloggs
Prep Date: 7Jul98

Number the Scale

1.5
ABSENCE RATE

Description 1.0
Dots
of Y-Axis
0.5

0
JAN 98 FEB 98 MAR 98 APR 98 MAY 98 JUN 98

SECTION A - MONTHLY ABSENCE RATE (% ) X-Axis

Values
Datum
Line
Title
 Circle Graph
Datum Line
Starts at 12 o’clock Clockwise from 12 o’clock.
Largest to smallest

Other is
always last Other
3%

Equipment
Period 13% Efficiency
covered 30%
Safety 80Ki
Segment 14% n = 42
ratio Date prepared &
Name of person
Quality Who prepared the
15% Cost graph
Total quantity 25%
of data

Prepared By: J. Bloggs

Prep Date: 10 Oct 03

Subject – Contents of NH Circle Activities Title

 Strip Graph
• A Strip Graph is a horizontal rectangle divided into
segments in accordance with the ratio of each item.

Scale numbers on top

Enter Zero Unit at top
%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Oceania 3.3%
Middle
Southeast Asia North Am erica Europe
East
36.9% 31.5% 16.4%
7.0%

Graduation Total Exports: 2,541,000 units

marks inside Prepared by: J.Bloggs
Prep. Date: 10Jan86

1985 TWO-WHEEL EXPORTS FROM JAPAN BY REGION

Date prepared &
Name the segments

Central & South

America 2.4%
Africa 2.5%
Name of person who % Values optional
prepared graph

Title is usually located

under graph
 Control Charts
• A Control Charts consists of graphs with data
movements shown as dots and kinked lines,
containing statistical ideas (i.e. control limit
lines).

• The location and way the dots are arranged in

the Control Chart allows confirmation as to
whether the process status (i.e. control
status) is normal.

• The X-R Control Chart is an example of such a

chart.
 X - R Control Chart
• The X - R Control Chart is often used in HUM’s
production processes.

• It is used to control the mean and range of a process.

• The method of preparing & using an X – R Control Chart

is fully explained in Course ‘F’ Text & also the process
analysis training package which is available in HUM’s
Open Learning Centre.
 Instruction* TL CORD. MGR.
1. X & R values (Kinked line) Black Solid Line Measured period (MM / YY)
2. UCL & LCL shall be made by (dash-dot) PROCESS CONTROL CHART (X - R )
3. Centre line shall be made by (solid line) ........................................./......................
PART NAME STANDARD SAMPLING FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT TOOL TIGHTENING TOOL X = X Total / Sample
Set Number
= /
=
DATE MEASURED

1S R = R Total / Sample
2S Set Number
NO.
LOT
SIZE = /
GROUP NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
X1 =

X2 X Control Chart
MEASURED VALUE

X3
U.C.L. = X + A 2 R
X4
=
X5 X
TOTAL
=
AVERAGE X
SUM
No. OF READINGS

RANGE R L.C.L. = X - A 2 R
HIGHEST-
LOWEST =
= X
X CONTROL CHART

R Control Chart

U.C.L = D 4R

= X

=
R CONTROL
CHART

LCL=D 3R
IGNORE IF SAMPLE No.
IS SMALLER THAN 6
0

Control Limit Calculation

Coefficient
n A2 D4
*Completion instructions 2 1.880 3.268
COMMENTS 1.023
on the reverse 3 2.574
4 0729 2.282
5 0.577 2.115
S0901-D-004 23-Dec-98