|




  



 
 

 
   

 
 |



A combination of two electric charges with equal magnitude and

opposite sign is called a dipole.

+q + - -q

The charge on this dipole is q (not zero, not +q, not ƛq, not
2q). The distance between the charges is d. Dipoles are
Ơeverywhereơ in nature.

This is an 
 dipole. Later in the course weƞll study magnetic dipoles.
 

p ample: calculate the electric field at point P, which lies on the

perpendicular bisector a distance L from a dipole of charge q.

P

à
 [  
à à
to be worked at the blackboard L

 

R

+q + - -q

d
 P


 

R

L !aution! The above

equation for p applies
only to points along
the perpendicular
+q + - -q bisector of the dipole.

d It is not a starting
equation.
 p




p
 
p



An electric dipole consists of two charges +q and -q, equal in

magnitude but opposite in sign, separated by a fi ed distance d.
q is the Ơcharge on the dipole.ơ

parlier, I calculated the electric field along the perpendicular

bisector of a dipole (this equation gives the magnitude only).

 !aution! This is not the general e pression

  R

for the electric field of a dipole!



The electric field depends on the product qd.

q and d are parameters that specify the dipole; we define the
"dipole moment" of a dipole to be the vector

 
Ô  
 caution: this p is not momentum!

where the direction of p is from negative to positive (NOT away

from +).
+q -q
p

To help you remember the direction of p, this is on the equation

sheet:

Ô  
 

 Ô

A dipole in a uniform electric field e periences no net force, but
probably e periences a torqueƦ

F+
+q
p p
m
-q
F-

There is no net force on the dipole:

    
@   @ @   

 

 p
F+
+q
p ½ d sinm
½ d sinm -q
m
F-

If we choose the midpoint of the dipole as the origin for

calculating the torque, we find

á à  á à 
[    6 6 
 
 6
  
á à 

and in this case the direction is into the plane of the figure.
p pressed as a vector,
  
   Ô  
Recall that the unit of torque is
N·m, which is 
a joule!
 p
F+
+q
p ½ d sinm
½ d sinm -q
m
F-

The torqueƞs magnitude is p p sinm and the direction is given by

the right-hand rule.





 


 p


p




p
 
p


p
F+
+q
p
m
-q
F-

If the dipole is free to rotate, the electric field does work* to

rotate the dipole.
    Ô  mààà    mà 

The work depends only on the initial and final coordinates, and
not on how you go from initial to final.

*!alculated using     4 á , which you learned in Physics 23.
If a force is conservative, you can define a potential energy
associated with it.

Because the electric force is conservative, we can define a

potential energy for a dipole. The equation for work
  
Ô  ààà
  à 

suggests we should define

àÔ   Ô   m


àÔ    Ô   m

p
F+
+q
p
m
-q
F-

ith the definition on the previous slide, U is zero when m= /2.

U is ma imum when cosm=-1, or m= (a point of unstable
equilibrium).
U is minimum when cosm=+1, or m=0 (stable equilibrium).
It is Ơbetterơ to e press the dipole potential energy as
  Recall that the unit of energy is the

àÔ   Ô

joule, which is a N·m, but is not the
same as the N·m of torque!
 
 
·á  á
  á



   
h h

   á
á
 
Ô 

á
h
p 
 h h h
   p
h  
h

p h h

  
p
 p
·á  á   
h
‰
  á
 
h
 ‰
 p  á  á

!
h

p  


h
"# á  ù á  á# p
u

 




p


R
p











  

       R 

 p  



   
  
 

   ! 
ö
    
 
 
à à àÔ 
   à
Ô  


       
 à

  
       à  

    · p 6   · p 6 ·  p 
 

  ·  6   p   · ·     · p 


Where- İ is the absolute permittivity (F/m)
-İr is the relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
of the medium
-İ0 is the permittivity of free space
-Ȥe is the electric susceptibility (dimensionless)
Üomogeneous
-İr independent of position

Anisotropic
İr is different for different of the electric field

 

·  ·  · R
 p


  i   · · i 
· R ip i i
 i  

 4 i · R · R · RR i  p 4 i
 jà à 
à à   Ôà
 à


-biaxial

 

· 
p


 i    · i 
ip i i
 i 
  4 i  · R i  p 4 i
-uniaxial

·   ·
-isotropic
·   ·   · R
 ó
 






´acuum 1 Germanium 16
Glass 5-10 Strontiun titanate 310
Mica 3-6 Titanium dioxide (rutile) 173 perp
86 para
Mylar 3.1
Water 80.4
Neoprene 6.70 Glycerin 42.5
Plexiglas 3.40 Liquid ammonia(-78fC 25
Polyethylene 2.25 Benzene 2.284
Polyvinyl chloride 3.18 Air(1 atm) 1.00059
Air(100 atm) 1.0548
Teflon 2.1
 





 à


à à  à à   à à

 à   à
   
ó
  



 
 
 
 

 
 
 
!  
! "

 
! # "" 
$ 
% &

 '







 &
()
 
O
 



p





 h 
 





p




CONDITION I (tangential components)

 p
÷
÷
    

 ÷

 p    6  p    6  p    6 p     
÷


ï 

 p   6  p   6  p   6  p   6

ï 

ï 

  6  p   6  p    


ï 
  ï 

p

 
  p
ï 
 

 
p

 

 

ï



p 
   
p
 ï
 

 


p  

 
 

ï ï
p   p   p  p 

ï ï
 p  p  
Condition I (tangential components)

p   p
 
 
· ·
 ‰  






 




CONDITION II (normal components)

  
  
  
    
  
  

  
 

 
    
 
 

 


 

 
  

      



          


 Condition II (normal components)



         ´   


The normal component of D field is discontinuous across

an interface where a surface charge exists, the amount of
discontinuity being equal to the surface charge density
p 
r Two dielectric media with permittivity İ1 and
respectively İ2 , are separated by a charge free boundary. The
electric field intensity in medium 1 at point P1 has a magnitude
E1 and makes an angle Į1. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the electric field intensity at point P2 in medium 2.

Į1
p   p
P1

P2
    
Į2
à         ´   
p à p   p à p
·  p   p   · p   p

 p  p
 
· ·
 p · 
 
 p ·
 The magnitude of E2 r

p   p p   âp à p âp  p  

 ·

  âp à p  p   p 
·
 ·

p   p âà p  p   p 
·
 j
 àà 
à à 
   
-inside a good conductor

E=0 ET=0

D=0 Dn=ȡs
 ‰
 
‰
p

‰

 

The potential field in a material with İr= 10.2

is ´ = 12
2 (´). Find p, and .

— â
— â
 
*      
   


—
— 


   ·  ·    







   · 
   

!
!   ö ·  *   â
â

 
* + 





 ó
‰
 
‰

 


For 4 ” 0, ·› = 9.0 and for 4 > 0, ·›
= 4.0. If p1 makes
a 30› angle with a normal to the surface, what angle
does *
 à   
   
 

ph    p à m  ph   p à m  áph    ph

 p  p Therefore
also   
  
    · ·  p  
     ·  ·  p  
 
      âà ´   

 ·


and after routine math we find m      m 
 · 

msing this formula we obtain for this problem m2 = 14f.