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By 1970 Corning Glass invented fiber-

fiber-optic wire
or "optical waveguide fibers" which was capable
of carrying 65,000 times more information than
copper wire, through which information carried
by a pattern of light waves could be decoded at
a destination even a thousand miles away.

Prof. Kao was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel

Prize in Physics for "u"u
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àptical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice,
Data or Video) is transmitted through a glass or plastic
fibre, in the form of light, following the transmission
sequence given below :
(1) Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.
(2) Electrical Signals are Coverted into light Signals.
(3) Light Travels Down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical
Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.
- Inexpensive light sources available.
- Repeater spacing increases along with operating
speeds because low loss fibres are used at high data
rates.
  

  

Total Internal Reflection - The

Reflection that àccurs when a Light
Ray Travelling in àne Material Hits a
Different Material and Reflects Back
into the àriginal Material without any
Loss of Light.
 




::-
(I) Multimode Step Index fibre (Step Index
fibre)
(II) Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded
Index fibre)
(III) Single-
Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single
Mode Fibre)

   
  
   has a

 
large core, up to 100 microns in diameter.

   
  
  
contains a core in which the refractive index
diminishes gradually from the center axis out
toward the cladding
.

 
 
   has a narrow core
(eight microns or less), and the index of
refraction between the core and the
cladding changes less than it does for
multimode fibers.
 

 
There are two basic cable designs are:

‡Tight Buffer Tube Cable

‡Loose Buffer Tube Cable

.
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1. Cable Cutter
2. àuter jacket remover
3. Utility knife
4. Fibre Stipper
5. Fibre Stipper 3 in 1
6. Pvc tape
7. Scissor
8. Measuring tape
9. Tissue paper
10. Cleaning Liquid
11. Cotton swab
12. Towel cloth
13. Fibre cutter
 

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Splices are permanent connection

between two fibres. The splicing involves
cutting of the edges of the two fibres to be
spliced.

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The following three types are widely
used :

Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.

Mechanical splicing.
Fusion splicing.
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The splicing machines imported by 


begins to the core profile alignment

system, the main functions of which are :
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The two fibres ends to be spliced are cleaved
and then clamped in accurately machined vee± vee±
grooves. When the optimum alignment is
achieved, the fibres are fused under the
microprocessor contorl, the machine then
measures the radial and angular off±
off±sets of the
fibres and uses these figures to calculate a
splice loss. The operation of the machine
observes the alignment and fusion processes on
a video screens showing horizontal and vertical
projection of the fibres and then decides the
quality of the splice.
The splice loss indicated by the splicing machine
should not be taken as a final value as it is only
an estimated loss and so after every splicing is
over, the splice loss measurement is to be taken
by an àTDR (àptical Time Domain
Reflectometer). The manual part of the splicing
is cleaning and cleaving the fibres. For cleaning
the fibres, Dichlorine Methyl or Acetone or
Alcohol is used to remove primary coating.
With the special fibre cleaver or cutter, the
cleaned fibre is cut. The cut has to be so precise
that it produces an end angle of less than 0.5
degree on a prepared fibre. If the cut is bad, the
splicing loss will increase or machine will not
accept for splicing.
 . The shape of the cut can be monitored
on the video screen, some of the defect
noted while cleaving are listed below :

0'
'")
"
'")

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It is also desirable to limit the average splice loss to be less

than 0.1 dB.
THANKS