SOLIDS IN DAY-TO-DAY

LIFE

PRESENTATION FOR S. Chandravathanam

CHILDRENS CLUB 26/4/2005
CONTENTS

PIGMENTS
MEDICINAL USE
AUTOCATALYST
DETERGENTS
PIGMENTS
PIGMENT
Is a particulate solid dispersed into a medium ( a liquid)
without significant solution or other interactions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIGMENTS AND DYES

 Pigments are dispersions in the medium but dyes
are solutions.
 Pigments possesses the particulate properties,
while dyes do not.
 Pigments are far more durable and resistant to
fading than dyes.
 Difference between Pigments and Dyes

Pigment

Dye
 Applications of pigments
 Inks

 Paints and varnishes

 Wood-stains
 Plastics
 Table ware (Pottery and Glass items, eg., plates and
cups)
 Sanitary ware (eg., baths, toilets and wash basins)
 Ceramic tiles
 Cement products
 cosmetics
REQUIRED PROPERTIES OF PIGMENTS
 Colour
 Colour strength
 Heat resistance
 Light fastness
 Weather stability
 Insolubility
 Opacity
 Transparency
 Chemical stability
Effect of particle size of the pigment

Smaller particles
eg., metallic car paints

Bigger particles
eg. Pottery enamels and glazestains
BASIC COLOURS
 PIGMENTS OF FEW FREQUENT USED COLOURS

Iron oxide – yellow and red

Cobalt blue - Blue
Titanium dioxide – White
Charcoal Black - Black
Applications of Iron oxide pigments
 Yellow ochre

Used throughout history

  
Chemical name: Iron(III)
oxide hydrate
Formula: Fe2O3.H2O
                                                                                       
                                                                      

                 
 Red Ochre
( obtained by loosening water of hydration from
yellow ochre )

Chemical name: Anhydrous

Iron(III) oxide
Formula: Fe2O3

Natural Mineral
containing both
yellow and red
ochre
 Dust-storm

1% limonite ( Brown iron oxide)

 Titanium Dioxide Whites ( TiO2)

 Strongest and most brilliant white available

 Outstanding chemical stability

Sources of TiO2 White

                                                                                         

Pile of ground TiO2

Anatase Rutile Whites
Crystal Structures of Titania White

Crystal Structure:
Tetragonal

Crystal Structure of Anatase

                                                                                                           
                                                                                                         

Crystal Structure of Rutile

 LEAD WHITE
Lead white (flake white) is the oldest of
 

the whites still used by modern painters. 

Chemical Name: Basic Lead(II)

carbonate
Formula: 2Pb(CO3)2.Pb(OH)2
Crystal System: Trigonal
Pile of ground Pb
white
 Zinc White
Zinc white has a much colder, cleaner, whiter
masstone than the best grades of lead white or
titanium white. 

Formula:
 
Chemical Name: Zinc(II) oxide
ZnO
                                                                      

                 
 CHALK
Excellent lightfastness, incompatible with
alkali-sensitive pigments such as Prussian
blue

Chemical Name: Calcium Carbonate

Formula: CaCO3
Crystal System: Trigonal-Hexagonal

Source of Chalk
 Charcoal Black
A common grayish black used as a pigment since
very earliest times. 

Chemical Name: Carbon

 
Formula: C

                                                                      

                 

Source of Carbon Black

Burnt wood
 Bone Black or ivory black

 Blue-black in colour
 Charring of bones or waste ivory
 Denser than charcoal black
 Contain Carbon, Calcium phosphate
and Calcium carbonate

Chemical Name: Carbon containing residual

calcium phosphate and
calcium carbonate
Formula: C,Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3
 Cobalt blue ( or Thenard blue )
 Costly
 Extraorinary stable pigments of pure
blue colour

Formula:
 
Chemical Name: Cobalt(II) oxide
aluminum oxide
                                                                      

CoO. Al2O3                  

Non-Crystalline
 Laboratory preparation of Cobalt blue
Mixture of 1g Co(II) chloride and 5g Heating of the
Aluminum Chloride homogenized mixture in a test tube

Pile of ground
Cobalt blue

Reaction is completed
                                                                                         

Finished Product
after 3 to 4 minutes
MEDICINAL USE
Discovery of Platinum anti-cancer activity

Under the influence of

electromagnetic field
generated using Platinum
electrodes on E. Coli bacteria
 CisPlatin Today

 Neutral cis complex the more active

 Ammine groups – inert
 Chloride groups - susceptible for substitution
 The Action Plan of cisplatin in Blood and inside cell

In aqueous solution cisplatin undergoes hydrolysis and

subsequent deprotanation reactions

cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2] + H2O cis-[PtCl(OH2)(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

cis-[PtCl(OH2)(NH3)2]+ cis-[PtCl(OH)(NH3)2] + H+

cis-[PtCl(OH2)(NH3)2]+ + H2O cis-[Pt(OH2)2(NH3)2]2+ +Cl-

cis-[Pt(OH2)2(NH3)2]2+ cis-[Pt(OH)(OH2)(NH3)2]+ + H+
cis-[Pt(OH)(OH2)(NH3)2]+ cis-[Pt(OH)2(NH3)2] + H+
Cisplatin Binding to DNA
Preferential Binding to Guanine
BENT DNA STRUCTURE
Clinical Pt(II) Complexes
 Pt (IV) Anti cancer Drugs

 Very promising activity in-vitro

 Reduction to Pt(II) in-vivo
 Titanocene dichloride – last stage clinical trials (liver
damage)
 Budotitane – Phase- I clinical trails (cardiac toxicity)
 Mechanism: Binding of Ti(IV) to transferrin in serum
Anti Tumor Gold Drugs
 Ruthenium anti-cancer drugs
 Gold (I) – attacks mitochondria (Cardio toxic)
 Gallium salts – Synergistic effect with cisplatin in the
treatment of lung cancer – through transferrin
 Ru(III) – through transferrin
(sodium aurothiomalate)
 Used for more than 200 years
 Stable oxidation states: Bi(III) and Bi(V)
 Activity through toxicity against helicobacter
pyloris

Bismuth citrate
 Lithium Drugs
One of the most frequently used drugs or manic
depressions.
Formula: Li2(CO3)

Build-up of protein thought to cause Alzheimer’s(orange

spots) is cut in brains treated with Li
AUTOCATALYST
OR
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
Important pollutants in the automotive exhaust gas

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides ( NO and N2O)
Reduction Reaction

Pt/Rh
2NO N2 + O2
Pt/Rh
2NO2 N2 + 2O2

Oxidation Reaction
Pt/Pd
2CO + O2 2CO2
Pt/Pd
CnH2n+2 + mO2 nCO2 + (n+1) H2O
Cut-View of
Catalytic
Converter
Location of catalytic converter in a car

                                                                                                                   

                              
A Three way catalytic converter

   
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                
                                                       
              
               
Structure Types of catalyst particles

 Honeycomb
 Ceramic bead

                          
Catalyst particles are
supported on ceramic
monolith of Cordierite
                                                                                                                       

Al3Mg2(Si5Al)O18

Honeycomb structure
DETERGENTS
 SOAP
 DETERGENT
 Saponification reaction

                                                                      
                                                         
Cleansing action of soap
Contd... Agitation breaks the grease into micelles whose surfaces
are covered by the negatively charged carboxylate
groups, the hydrophilic -CO2- groups of the embedded
soap molecules.

The grease droplets repel each other and remain

suspended in the wash water

 
In the end, the suspended droplets go down the drain
with the wash water.

                                                                  

                 
SYNTHETIC DETERGENT
 COMPOSITION OF A DETERGENT

Typically a detergent contain some or all of the following

components, in varying proportions

a) a surfactant (detergent) (8-18%)

b) a builder (20-45%) e.g. phosphates or zeolites
c) a bleach (15-30%) e.g. sodium perborate
d) a fluorescer - 'whiter than white' (0.1%)
e) a filler (5-45%) e.g. sodium sulphate
It also contains 4-20% water and may contain up to 0.75%
enzyme.
 Comparison of Soaps and Detergents

1. Soaps cannot be used in hard 1. Synthetic detergents can be

water used in hard water
2. Soap is made from vegetable 2. Synthetic detergents made
oil or edible oils from byproducts of petroleum
industry ( to conserve edible oil)
3. Soaps cannot be used in acidic 3. Synthetic detergents can be
medium ( otherwise precipitate used in any medium including
the fatty acids) acidic.
4. Soaps have weak cleansing 4. Synthetic detergents have
action strong cleansing action.
5. Soaps are not very soluble in 5. Synthetic detergents are
water highly soluble
6. Soaps are biodegradable and 6. Synthetic detergents are not
do not cause pollution biodegradable and cause water
pollution
 WASHING POWDERS

 Washing powders are a combination of soaps,

detergents and other chemicals.

 washing powders have about 15 to 30% of their

weight in synthetic detergents

• Sodium sulphate and sodium silicate - to keep the powder dry.

• Sodium triphosphate or sodium carbonate - to make the solution
alkaline. ( helps to remove dirt and also soften water.)
• Carboxy methyl cellulose – to keep the dirt particles removed are kept

suspended in the solution.

• sodium perborate (bleaching agent) - for obtaining sparkling white
clothes,
Tablet detergents

offers controlled usage