Lecture 12 - Earth Pressure and Sturucture Rankine Theory

School of Natural and Built Environments
CIVE 3008-Lecture 12: Earth pressure and structure

(Rankine theory)
Earth pressure and

structure (Rankine theory)
Dr. Md Mizanur Rahman
Acknowledge: Dr. D. A. Cameron

Previous course coordinator
(Rankine theory)
Earth pressures on retaining
structures
(Rankine theory)
structures
(Rankine theory)
structures
(Rankine theory)
structures
(Rankine theory)
Two Methods
- to estimate the earth pressures on
structures
1 . Rankine
Plausible stress states
1.
2 . Coulomb
Plausible failure mechanisms
Relative merits of approaches?

(Rankine theory)
Rankine earth pressures
A lower bound estimate

Effective horizontal stress ,
 H = K z
where, K = earth pressure coefficient

z = effective vertical
stress
(Rankine theory)
E a rth p re ssu re sta te s (retaining walls)
“ At rest ” wall is not moving , so the soil

an intermediate state
Acti Passiv
ve e
Both are failure states
(Rankine theory)
Earth pressure at rest

“ AT REST ” PRESSURE
The intermediate state
K = K o = fn ( soil type, density, OCR)
The soil is unable to move

laterally
- can ’ t expand , OR contract
e.g soil confined in a large body of soil

(Rankine theory)
Active state (stress relaxation)

Shear stress v elo pe
re e n
failu
σ ′ σ ′ σ ′ 1
3f 3o Normal stress
Active At rest
state state
(Rankine theory)
Passive state (stress intensification)

Shear stress v elo pe
re e n
failu
σ ′ σ ′ 1σ ′ σ ′ Normal
stress
3o 3f 1f
At rest Passive
state state
(Rankine theory)
All three states

Shear stress e
e n v elop
a i l u re
At Rest f
Activ Passive
e state Normal
state stress
σ ′
Note: 1o
Active state: stress relaxation
Passive state: stress intensification
(Rankine theory)
The 3 States (consider a vertical
retaining wall)
Kp
 H /
z
KO
Ka
Wall movement
NB : Passive needs LARGE
strains
(Rankine theory)
Equations for Rankine States

(Can be derived from Geometry of Mohr’s circles)
For ACTIVE STATE
Case 1A : c  = 0
 H = K a  z
and Ka
=
[K a max  0 . 333 for loose sand ]

(Rankine theory)
Active state
Shear stress
 nf
,
, f
u re
(σ 1 )/2
l
ai
σ 3
F
-
φ
Normal stress
(σ 1 +
σ 3)/2
NB : Active state = a
failure state
(Rankine theory)
Active state
From the
geometry ,
(Rankine theory)
Active state (with cohesion)
Case 2A : c   0
 H = K a  z - 2c  K a
Notes :
• the 2nd term is a constant!
•z = (z) + z
i . e . stress due to self
weight + extra due to
surface load
(Rankine theory)
Can soil undergo tension?

 H = K a  z - 2c  K a
If  z = 0 , then
 H  0
z
Now if  z =  z ,
At what depth will  H
= 0?
This depth is called the depth of cracking,
zc, & defines the potential tension zone
(Rankine theory)
Depth of Cracking
By definition:
At z c ,  H = 0 z
Therefore,
 H = 0 = K a  z c - 2c  K a
Therefore,
z c = [2c  K a ][ K a  ]
Or
(Rankine theory)
The tension zone

The pulling power of cohesive
soil is ignored in calculations of
pressures behind retaining walls
over the depth zc because:
- tension is unsustainable
i . e . short term only !
However, no compressive
pressures exist in this zone = a
dead zone
(Rankine theory)
Evidence of a tension zone

How can unsupported, vertical -
sided trenches be cut to metres depth
in clay soils?
What depth is possible?
What happens if it rains?
Warning : people laying pipes

have died in collapsed trenches!
OH & S???
(Rankine theory)
Summary of active state

• Stresses relaxed
common retaining wall situation
• Ka = (1 – sin)/(1+ sin )
clean sand, Ka  0.33 usually
• Theoretical tension or crack

zone from cohesive strength (c)
may be applied to slope stability
(Rankine theory)
Passive state
Again, from Geometry of Mohr’s
circles
Case 1P : c  = 0
 H = K p  z
and K p =
[K p min  3 for loose sand ]

(Rankine theory)
Passive state (with cohesion)
Case 2P : c   0
H = K p  z + 2c  K p
Note :
1.the 2nd term provides greater
constant passive pressure
component
(Rankine theory)
Orientation of Failure Planes

From Mohr’s circles
Active state :
(45 + /2) to horizontal
Passive state :
(45 - /2) to horizontal
(Rankine theory)
Orientation of Failure Planes

ACTIVE
PASSIV
E
Sliding
surfaces?
(Rankine theory)
- ACTIV +2c PASSIV

2c Kp
Ka E E
Tension is
z
ignored!
c
Typical Lateral
stresses , c   0
(Rankine theory)
The Influence of Pore Water

Steady state (and seepage)
pressures add to lateral
stresses on walls
Should Ka be applied to the
pore water pressure?
NO WAY !
Hydrostatic means K = 1
(Rankine theory)

No Water Water
c c =
= 0 + 0
TOTAL LATERAL STRESS
 H =  H
= Ka z  H = K a u =
  z
 wz
(Rankine theory)

In the previous example
uniform soil, no surface load and with or without a
Water Table at ground level,
Almost twice the total lateral

pressure is experienced with the high
Water Table
Effective lateral stresses are halved,
BUT full pwp is exerted!
(Rankine theory)
Importance of Drainage for
Retaining Walls (Drains, Filters & Weep
holes)
Granular zone or
geofabric drain
Weep holes
(Rankine theory)
Examples
From Whitlow - modified
Find the total resultant thrust and its point
of action behind vertical-backed retaining walls
of height, 12 m, resulting from earth and water
pressures given the following situations
1.Surface horizontal; no surcharge; single soil layer, c = 0,
  = 30 ,  = 18 kN/m3
2.Surface horizontal; uniform surcharge of 10 kPa; single soil
layer: c = 0,  = 30,  = 18 kN/m3
3.Surface horizontal; no surcharge; two soil layer:
0-5 m depth, c = 0,  = 30,  = 18 kN/m3
> 5 m depth, c = 0,  = 36,  = 20 kN/m3
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Thrus = lateral pressure x area
t = average pressure x height over which it
acts, per m length of wall
40 kPa 20 kPa
360 kN
9 m
360 kN
3 m
60 kPa
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Resultant Resultant, Pa = Σ (α λ λ τ η ρ υ σ τ σ )
Thrust =
Πο ι ν τ ο φ α χ τ ι ο ν φ ο υ ν δ β ψ
συ µ µ ι ν γ µ ο µ ε ν τ σ αβ ο υ τ α
π ο ι ν τ α ν δ δ ι ϖι δ ι ν γ β ψ Πα
10 kPa
120 kN
12 m
360 kN
Location of
X m
resultant force
4 m
60 kPa
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Answer
Resultant, Pa = (120 + 360)
Pa = 480 kN per m length
of wall
Point of action found by summing
moments about the base and dividing
by Pa
120 x 6 + 360 x 4 = Pa x X
X = (720 +1440)/480 = 4.5 m
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Q1 . c = 0,  = 30,  =
18 kN/m3
8 m
12 m
432 kN
72 kPa
K a = 0 . 333
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Q2. As for 1 but 10 kPa
surcharge 10 kPa
8 m
40 kN
432 kN
3 . 33 + 72 kPa
Ka = ANSWER 472 kN/m, 4.17
(Rankine theory)
Examples
Q3. Two granular
soils
5 m K a1 = 0 . 333
12 m
K a2 = 0 . 26
At z = 5 m , σ ζ = 90 ANSWER
366 kN/m, 4.15 m
κ
AtΠzα = 12 m , σ ζ = 140
κ Πα
(Rankine theory)
Example
From Whitlow , cont ’ d
6.Surface horizontal; no surcharge; single soil layer, cu = 45
kPa,  u = 0,  = 18 kN/m3
7.Surface horizontal; no surcharge; single soil layer, c = 15
kPa,  = 20 ,  = 18 kN/m3
13.Surface horizontal; no surcharge; two soil layer,
0-4 m depth, c = 0,  = 30,  = 19.6 kN/m3
> 4 m depth, c = 25 kPa,  = 15,  = 18.2
kN/m3
11.
12.
ANSWERS
Q6 441 kN/m, 2.33 m
Q7 408 kN/m, 3.21 m
Q11 458 kN/m, 3.61 m
(Rankine theory)
Example
Q7. c = 15 kPa,  = 20,  = 18 kN/m3
zc
12 m
408 kN
( 0 . 49x216 - 30  0 . 49 kPa
K a = 0 . 49 OR 84 . 8 kPa
zc = 2 . 38 m 21 = 0.49x18xzc ANSWER :
408 kN/m, 3.21 m
(Rankine theory)
Limitations of Rankine
1.Vertical backs of walls only
2.Backfill surface must be regular
– a solution exists for a sloping backfill,
provided slope angle,  < 
– BUT pressures act parallel to the slope -
theoretically wrong!
5.Backfill loads / surcharge effects
approximated
6 . Wall friction ignored !
– friction is beneficial
(Rankine theory)
Summary
1)Earth pressures are needed for design of
retaining walls & excavations
2)Three major states: at rest, active and
passive
─ Last 2 are failure states
3)Earth pressure coefficients are based on
effective stresses
4)Water pressures are important
− total lateral stresses
5)Cohesion leads to potential cracked zone for
Active state
(Rankine theory)
Excavation Bracing
Support systems:
soldier beams (vertical)
& shuttering between them or steel sheeting
Possible
failure shape
Trench
Strut
Wale
Steel
sheeting
PLAN
(Rankine theory)
Example
(Rankine theory)
Design of Bracing
Earth pressures are not simple
- propping forces from struts
- progressive construction
Empirical design earth pressures
- struts designed for thrust
Refer to Notes for guidance

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School of Natural and Built Environments

CIVE 3008-Lecture 12: Earth pressure and structure

Earth pressure and

Acknowledge: Dr. D. A. Cameron

Relative merits of approaches?

Rankine earth pressures

A lower bound estimate

where, K = earth pressure coefficient

E a rth p re ssu re sta te s (retaining walls)

“ At rest ” wall is not moving , so the soil

Earth pressure at rest

K = K o = fn ( soil type, density, OCR)

The soil is unable to move

e.g soil confined in a large body of soil

Active state (stress relaxation)

Passive state (stress intensification)

All three states

Equations for Rankine States

[K a max  0 . 333 for loose sand ]

Active state (with cohesion)

Can soil undergo tension?

The tension zone

Evidence of a tension zone

What depth is possible?

What happens if it rains?

Warning : people laying pipes

Summary of active state

• Theoretical tension or crack

[K p min  3 for loose sand ]

Passive state (with cohesion)

Orientation of Failure Planes

Orientation of Failure Planes

- ACTIV +2c PASSIV

The Influence of Pore Water

The Influence of Pore Water

TOTAL LATERAL STRESS

The Influence of Pore Water

Almost twice the total lateral

Refer to Notes for guidance

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