‫‪Water Quality and Fish‬‬

‫‪Health‬‬

‫איכות מים ומחלות דגים‬

‫מגיש ‪ :‬דר‪ .‬יצחק בז'רנו‬

 Selye 1950
• General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S)
– Sum of the responses activities keeping or rehabilitating normal
metabolic rate (Interaction between external stimulations and
physiological mechanisms, maintaining homeostasis.).
• The G.A.S sequence can be divided to three stages.
• 1. Alarm reaction stage.
– Releasing Corticosteroids & Catecholamine hormones – anti
inflammatory and reacting the sympathetic system, respectively.
• 2. Resistance reaction stage.
• Characterized by internal and external activities.
• 3. Exhaustion reaction stage.
– Over exposure – time, intensity or both.
– Irritation without capability to rehabilitated.
 ‫‪Selye 1950‬‬
‫‪(General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S‬‬ ‫•‬
‫סך כל התגובות המביאות למצב או שיקום מטבוליזם‬ ‫•‬
‫נורמאלי‪( .‬אינטראקציה בין גירויים חיצוניים למנגנונים‬
‫פיזיולוגיים השומרים על הומהוסטזיס(‪.‬‬
‫רצף התגובות מאופיין בשלשה שלבים‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫שלב ההזעקה ((‪ – Alarm reaction‬הפרשת הורמונים‬ ‫‪1.‬‬
‫קורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים‪ .‬נוגדי דלקת ומפעילי‬
‫המערכת הסימפטתית בהתאמה‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Selye 50 (cont‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬שלב ההתגוננות (‪-(Resistance reaction‬‬

‫מאופיין בתגובות הסתגלות‪ ,‬פנימיות וחיצוניות‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬שלב אפיסת הכוחות (‪(Exhaustion reaction‬‬
‫‪ -‬המצב שלאחר גירוי ממושך מידי או גירוי בעל‬
‫עוצמה גבוהה מידי‪ ,‬ממנו האורגניזם לא מסוגל‬
‫להשתקם‪.‬‬
Stress and Fish Diseases
Snieeszko 1957

1
Fish

1+2+3
3 2
Environment Pathogen
‫‪Wedemeyer 1981‬‬
‫(הרחבה למודל סלייה(‬

‫• שינויים ראשוניים – הורמונאליים‪.‬‬

‫– הפרשת הורמונים על ידי ההיפופיזה‪.‬‬
‫– הפרשת קורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים‪.‬‬
‫• שינויים משניים – פיזיולוגיים‪.‬‬
‫– שינויים כימיים והמטולוגיים –‬
‫• עליה בריכוז סוכר הדם‪.‬‬
‫• עליה בריכוז החומצה הלקטית בדם‪.‬‬
‫• שינויים בהרכב גופיפי הדם‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Wedemeyer 1981 (Cont‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬

‫• שינויים משניים (המשך(‬

‫– שינויים ברקמות‬
‫• ירידה בריכוז הגליקוגן בכבד‪ ,‬חסר ויטמין ‪. C‬‬
‫– שינויים מטבוליים – מאזן חנקן שלילי (?(‪.‬‬
‫– שינויים בריכוז האלקטרוליטים בדם‪.‬‬
‫• שינויים שלישוניים‪.‬‬
‫עיכוב גדילה‬ ‫–‬
‫קושי בהטלה‬ ‫–‬
‫הפרעות התנהגותיות (עונתיות – נדידה(‬ ‫–‬
‫עליה בשיעור התחלואה ‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
 ‫שאלות המחקר‬

‫• מהי השפעת הסטרס על התפתחות מחלות‬

‫בדגים‪.‬‬
‫• פיתוח מודל חיקוי‪.‬‬
‫• יישומים ותצפיות שדה‪.‬‬
 Research topics

• What is the connection between

stress condition and development of
fish diseases.
• Development of simulation system
• Field observations and applications.
Tilapia, In constant volume
Phenomena of “social” stress in
180
160
140
120
100
Time (hr(

80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Number of fish
 Changes in physical & hematological
.parameters, under stress condition
800
700
Percentage of normal

600
500
400 Acute
Thermal
300
Chronic
200
100
0
e
se
ol

.
b.
.C

ct
t
tis

ta

H
.B
co

H
c

R
or

lu

La
C

G
 Clearance of bacteria after
challenge (Viable count of Vibrio
(parahaemolyticus
Non stressed fish Stressed fish
9 9

8 8

7
Bacteria (log 10, Number /g(

7
6 6
Blood
5 5 Liver
4 4 Spleen
3 3 Kidney

2 2
1 1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 20 40 60

Time after injection (hr(

The relationship of environmental conditions
and other biological factors in aquaculture
that influence infectious diseases of fish
Culture
species
Stocking
Growth density

Reduced
Availability Resistance
(Infectious diseases( Feeding
of rate
Fresh water

Water quality Water

O2, CO2, pH,
enrichment
NH3, NO2
 Some variables of the infectious agent, host,
and the environment that influence the
potential occurrence of fish diseases
Pathogen Host

a. Infectivity Disease a. Species

b. Virulence b. Age
c. Pathogenicity potential c. Nutritional status
d. Viability d. Physiological condition
e. Strain e. Population density
Environment
a. Temperature
b. Oxygen concentration
c. Water alkalinity
d. Water hardness
e. Other water quality
parameters
f. Season
Toxicity of component x to fish
((LC50
110
100
90
80
70
Mortality (%(

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Concentration (mg/l(
Fish mortality as a result of
harvest by vacuum pumping
10000
Mortality (number of fish(

1000

100

10

1
1 2 3 4 5

Days after handling

.Beit-Shan Valley, May 2005. Poly Culture , more than 20 tones/hectare. Mortality over 60 tones
Bacteria killing rate in spleen of
contaminated tilapia (Oreochromis
.(Sp
.No pH Treatment Cells/g
spleen
1 9 Control 0
2 9 Control 1.6x102
3 9 NO2 32 mg/l 6.6x106
4 9 NO2 32 mg/l 3.0x105
5 9 NH4-N 2 mg/l 6.0x104
6 9 NH4-N 2 mg/l 7.6x104
Comparison of conditions in the
aquatic and terrestrial
environments
Variant Aquatic Terrestrial
• Oxygen Low and variable Nearly constant,
0 – 12 mg/l 300 mg/l
• Pressure Variable Nearly constant
• Temperature Variable Variable
• Chemistry Variable Constant
• Density High: 800 x air, significant Low: No significant
energy cost to “breath” energy to breath
• Viscosity High: Significant energy Low: No significant
cost to swim limitation to ovement
Temperature (oC( Oxygen Temperature )oC) Oxygen
)mg/l) )mg/l(
1 14.2 21 8.9
2 13.8 22 8.7
3 13.5 23 8.6
4 13.0 24 8.4
5 12.7 25 8.2
6 12.4 26 8.1
7 12.1 27 8.0
8 11.8 28 7.8
9 11.5 29 7.7
10 11.3 30 7.5
11 11.0 31 7.4
12 10.7 32 7.3
13 10.5 33 7.2
14 10.3 34 7.1
15 10.0 35 6.9
16 9.8 36 6.8
17 9.6 37 6.7
18 9.4 38 6.6
19 9.2 39 6.5
20 9.1 40 6.4
1 liter of oxygen (gas) = 1.4 gram

1 gram of oxygen (gas = 0.7 ( liter

1 liter of liquid oxygen = 1.14 kg

1 kg of liquid oxygen = 0.778 liter

 Hyperbolic and Sigmoid Oxyhemoglobin
Dissociation Curve

120
Coldwater fish:
Saturation of Hemoglobin (%)

Amount O2
100 unloaded at Hyperbolic

Warmwater fish: Amount O

tissue

unloaded at tissue
80

60

Sigmoid
40

2
20
O2 concentration O2 concentration
at tissues at gills
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Oxygen Tension (mm Hg)
 Growth rate &Food consumptio as a function of
Growth (g/day( or Food consumption (0.1 g /g fish/day( dissolved oxygen in the water

0.6

0.5 Growth
0.4

0.3
Food
0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Dissolved Oxygen ( mg/l(

 Oxygen consumption as a function
of fish weight
1800
Oxygen consumption (mg/kg fish/hr(

1600 Dissolved O2 = 6 mg/l

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Weight (g(
 Effect of dissolved oxygen
concentration on oxygen consumption
by fish
Oxygen consumption (mg/kg fish/hr(

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
Fish weight = 500 g
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l(

Oxygen limitations and
requirements
O2 Species Effect Reference
mg/l

2-3 Tilapia Lowest levels for Balarin & Hatton

growth 1979

2.8 Cyprinids Possible mortalities, Downing &

.long exposure Merkens 1957
3 > Cyprinids Growth decrease Itazawa 1971
7 Cyprinids .Maximum growth Huisman 1974
5 Salmonids Minimum sustained Forster et. 1977
level
3 S. salar hr, LC50 fresh water 72 Alabaster et. 79

6 / 4 Peneus jap .Feeding reduced / opt Liao 1969

Respiration in pond divided to
components
Source Mg/l of total %
Diffusion 2.11 25.6

Fish 1.08 13.1

Plankton 4.32 52.4

Benthos 0.73 8.9

Total 8.24 100.0

Scheme of nitrogen transformations in intensive fish pond.
 Percentage of un-ionized ammonia in
diluted fresh water
100

Ammonium
80

60

NH4+ = 109.2
Percent

40
NH3 10pH
20

0
6 Ammonia
7 8 9 10 11 12

Solution pH
 Percent NH3 in aqueous ammonia solutions,
for different temperature and pH
Temp pH pH pH pH pH pH pH
) oC ( 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

0 0.026 0.083 0.261 0.820 2.55 7.64 20.7

.
5 0.039 0.125 0.394 1.23 3.80 11.1 28.3
.
10 0.059 0.186 0.586 1.83 5.56 15.7 37.1
.
15 0.086 0.273 0.859 2.67 7.97 21.5 46.4
20 0.125 0.396 1.24 3.82 11.2 28.4 55.7
25 0.180 0.566 1.77 5.38 15.3 36.3 64.3
30 0.254 0.799 2.48 7.46 20.3 44.6 71.8
 NO2 Limitations

• 0.012 mg/l – Stress shown in Salmonids.

• 0.15 mg/l – Methaemoglobinemia in Trout.
• 0.5 mg/l – LC50 , fingerlings 24 h, in Trout.
• 1.6 mg/l – LC50 , yearling 24 h, in Trout.
• 1. 8 - mg/l, Larva growth reduced, in Macrobrchium.
• 15.4 mg/l – LC50 , 3-4 wk, Macrobrachium.
• 7.55-24.8 mg/l – LC50 , 96 Ichtalurus.
 Eeffect of pH on the relative proportion of total
-
CO 2 (H 2CO 3, Free CO 2), HCO 3 and CO 3

0.9
Mole Fraction

0.65

0.4 H2CO3 and HCO3- CO32-

Free Co2

0.15

-0.1
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5

pH
 Respiratory as function of
dissolved oxygen
CO2 produced / unit
12 time
. = ---------------------------------- R.Q
10 O2 consumed / unit
time
8
The respiratory quotient R.Q.
6
in relation to ambient
R.Q.

4 oxygen concentration in
Tilapia mosab- bica, in fresh
2
.water at 30oC
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ambient oxygen (mg/l(

CO2 Limitations
• Narcotic effect, higher concentrations may
cause death.
• Accumulate in blood, cause acidosis.
• Interfere with the loading of hemoglobin with
oxygen.
• 12 – 55 mg/l, increasing nephroclcinosis in
trout.
• 10 mg/l – may be tolerated.
• Up to 60 mg/l – most species can survived.
Effects of pH on fish
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 pH

1
• Salmonids growth inhibition (4-5)
2 • Warm water fish, no growth (5.5-6)

3 • Warm water fish, no reprod. (6-6.5)

• Tolerance (6.5-7.5)
* * 4 • Grass carp, fry tolerance (9-9.5)

* 5 • Bass mortality (10.2)

• Trout mortality (3.6)
6 • No viable fishery (5-5.5)
7 • Desirable range fresh water (6.5-7.5

8 • Marine culture system (8.3)

• Trout mortality (9.8)
9
10
* 11
Temperature
1. Hoff’s low – 10oC increase, doubles reaction rate.
2. The peak O2 consumption rate is maintained over
a small Temp. range.
Tolerate range 5 to 36, max. growth 25 to 30.
4. O2 decrease relatively rapidly to lethal.
5. Coldwater or warm water species (diversity).
Oxygen consumption as function of
(.temperature (100%=500mg/kg fish/h
120 C O2
o

100 10 11.3
Oxygen Consumption % of max. rate

80
20 9.2
60
30 7.6
40

40 6.6
20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Water tmperature (oC)
Seasonal mortalities of Grey
mullet
20 31

18 30
16 Temp
29
14
Cases

Temperature (oC)
Number of cases

28
12
27
10
26
8
25
6

4
24

2 23

0 22
Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Month
 Changes in bio-filter efficiency in
correlation with temperature

Temperature
30 25 20 15 10
(oC(
Percentage
100 73 47 33 20
(%(
Water quality limits recommended to
protect health of cold- and warm water
fish
• Acidity pH 6 – 9 • Iron < 0.1 mg/l
• Alkalinity >20 mg/l • Gas super saturation <102%
• Hydrogen sulfide <0.003 mg/l
• (as CaCO3)
• Ammonia < 0.02 mg/l • Nitrate <1.0 mg/l
• Nitrite <0.1 mg/l
• Calcium > 5 mg/l
• Oxygen coldwater fish 6 mg/l
• Carbon dioxide
• warm water fish 4 mg/l
• <5-10 mg/l • Total dissolved solids
• Chloride > 4.0 mg/l <200 mg/l
• Chlorine <0.003 mg/l • Total suspended solids
<80 mg/l
• Copper
• <0.0006 mg/l in soft water • Turbidity <20 NTU

• <0.03 mg/l in hard water

 Microbial fish diseases
commonly considered stress
mediated
Disease Predisposing environmental factors

Bacterial gill disease Crowding, unfavorable environmental condition, *

and presence of causative bacteria, elevated
ammonia, particulate material in water
Columnaris Crowding, handling, seining, adverse temperature, *
other infectious diseases
Cold water disease Temperature decrease from 10 - 15oC to 7 - 13 oC*
Enteric redmouth High stocking density, elevated water temperature, *
excessive metabolites, handling, transport
Furunculosis Low oxygen, handling when A. salmonicida is*
Motile Aeromonas endemic
septicemia Injury to skin, fins or gills, hauling, improper*
handling, temperature stress, low oxygen, other
Spring viremia of disease organisms, pesticides, seasonal changes,
carp improper nutrition, crowding
Ulcer disease of Handling after over- wintering at low temperatures*
goldfish
Handling and stocking in late winter or early spring
Vibriosis
Handling, poor environmental conditions, migration*
Mode of action of prymnesium toxin on
fish
 Test types
Suiting tests for different fish
populations
Test composition
contro unit ¼ unit 1 units 5
Fish
l
population
Carp mono in all
temperatures + - + +
Other fish at
growing + - + -
temperature
Small tilapia and
mullet in winter + + + -
Table of chemicals for treating
Prymnesium
Amount for treating 1 d (1 m depth( *
Temp. pH Liq. Amm. Ammon. Copper
)(oC )(NH3OH sulfate sulfate

Over 20 Over 9.0 ---- 12 – 10 ----

9.0 – 8.6 12 – 10 15 ----
Below 8.6 13 17 – 15 ----

20 – 18 Over 9.0 12 – 10 15 2
9.0 – 8.6 13 – 12 20 2
Below 8.6 13 25 ----

18 - 12 Over 9.0 13 25 3–2

9.0 – 8.6 13 ---- 3–2
Below 8.6 ---- ---- 3-2
Instructions for preparing a
test for identifying Prymnesium
toxin
Beaker capacity
Beaker Pond water Tap Ordinary Sensitiv
)(ml water cofa. e cof.
type
)(ml )(ml )(ml
.Ord. cont - 50 1 -
.Sens. Cont - 50 - 1
unit ¼ 50 - - 1
unit 1 50 - 1 -
unit 5 10 40 1 -