Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA). Copies the
DNA code and carries it to the ribosome.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA). A building of
ribosomes: machinery for synthesizing
proteins by translating mRNA.
transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA molecules
that carry amino acids to the growing
polypeptide.
Gene Expression
How is an organism’s genetic code
contained in its DNA?
Gene Expression: Living things
read and use encoded DNA. DNA
code is used to build proteins.
Proteins are responsible for many
of an organism’s characteristics.
The Many Functions of
Structure Proteins
a. Keratin – skin, hair, feathers
b. Actin and Myocin – muscle
movement
c. Collagen – connective tissue
The Many Functions of
Proteins
Hemoglobin – carry O2 on RBC
Hormones (chemical signals)
a. Insulin – regulate sugar uptake
b. Epinephrine (adrenaline) –
fight or flight stress response
c. Estrogen/Testosterone – sex
characteristics
Flow of Genetic
Information
Mitosis ONLY!!!
Transcription:
DNA mRNA
Protein
Synthesis
Translation:
mRNA amino
acids
In Prokaryotes…
AUG = UAA =
GO STOP
The Genetic Code
Suppose you started with
the following strand of
DNA:
CATTCGATCCAAGTT
Transcription
RNA strand
G U A A G C U A G G U U C A A
4?
3
mRNA Processing
mG (methyl-guanine) cap is added
to starting end.
Helps mRNA attach to ribosome
Splicing occurs to remove non-coding
segments called introns. Remaining,
coding segments are exons.
String of adenines added to the
other end (a poly-A tail)
Protect the mRNA from being broken
down.
mRNA Processing
Review
DNA _____ _____ trait
DNA is made of building blocks called
_____. How many different building
blocks?
The is composed of sequences of ___
nitrogenous bases called _____
that code for a specific amino acids.
There are ____ different codons.
There are _____ different amino acids.
Review
Transcription occurs in the ______.
Translation occurs in the ____.
How many different tRNA molecules are
there?
What is a codon?
How Do Prokaryotes Do It?
Prokaryotes have 1
circular gene.
90% translated, few
introns.
Additional genes may
be found on plasmids,
smaller DNA circles.
Plasmids can be
transferred between
bacteria for a type of
“sexual reproduction”.
How Do Viruses Do It?
Must use host cell’s gene
expression machinery. Viral
genetic info can be DNA or RNA.
Mutations
Changes in the genetic material
including
DNA base sequences
structure of a chromosome
DNA Mutations
Point Mutations –
N-base substitutions
Usually change a single
amino acid in a protein
Silent mutations – base
change w/o amino acid
change
Frameshift Mutations
Insertions or Deletions
Usually alter all the amino
acids in the protein from
the site of the mutation.
Chromosomal Mutations
Changes to the chromosomal structure
usually due to breakage during cell
division
Deletion – a section is lost or deleted
Duplication – a section is repeated
Inversion – a section is broken out and then
spliced back in incorrectly
Translocation – a section of one chromosome
attaches to a different chromosome
Chromosomal Mutations
LE 15 -14
Deletion
A deletion removes a chromosomal
segment.
Duplication
A duplication repeats a segment.
Meat tenderizer
Cold ethanol
DNA Technology:
Copying DNA
Polymerase chain reaction_(PCR)
makes many copies of a small amount of
DNA
Tests requiring large DNA samples can now
be run
DNA Technology:
Cutting DNA
Large DNA molecules are cut into
fragments by restriction enzymes.
Found in bacteria, used for defense
These enzymes recognize and cut
DNA at specific sequences.
DNA Technology:
Separating DNA
DNA fragments can be separated
and analyzed using gel
electrophoresis
Allows scientists to compare
different DNA samples
DNA Technology:
Recombinant DNA
Scientists can cut DNA
from two sources with
the same restriction
enzyme and combine
them.
used in genetic
engineering.
create human proteins used
to treat disease
create pest-resistant crops
Meiosis
Recall mitosis: cell ÷ of somatic (body) cells.
Results in diploid daughters; clones of parent.
Meiosis: cell ÷ that forms haploid gametes.
Why is meiosis important?
Sexual reproduction
Genetic variation among offspring
Meiosis
3 Differences between mitosis and
meiosis:
Cell divides 2X, but only replicates
chromosomes 1X. Results in haploid cells
Distributes random mixture of parent
genes (Independent assortment)
Homologous chromosomes pair up during 1st
cell ÷ . Here, they often exchange genes
Crossing Over
Meiosis
Two Divisions take place:
Meiosis
I – Separation of homologous
chromosomes. P1M1A1T1
MeiosisII – Separation of sister
chromatids. (Same as mitosis) P2M2A2T2
tetrads
Stages of Meiosis 2
Meiosis: Production of
Gametes
Females produce 1 large cell, the Males produce 4 equal sized sperm
ovum. 3 small polar bodies
disintegrate.
Errors in Meiosis
Nondisjunction. Unequal
separation of chromosomes
leads to a gamete that is +1
or –1 chromosome.
n +1 = trisomy
n – 1 = monosomy
Often, embryo dies