The Chi-Square

( ) Test
2

A test of significance

REET KAUR VOHRA

BHUPINDER KAUR
AANCHAL KAPOOR
VEPEN JYOT KAUR
STATISTIC IS A SCIENCE OF MAKING
EFFECTIVE USE OF NUMERICAL DATA
RELATING TO GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS &
EXPERIMENTS
 Types of Distribution

Observed Frequency Theoretical Frequency

Distribution Distribution

Discrete Distribution Continuous Distribution

Binomial Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal Distribution

Chi-square describes the magnitude of
discrepancy between expected & observed. It is
defined as:


2

   
2


CONDITIONS OF CHI-SQUARE
TEST
 Frequencies of distribution are in original units.

 The total frequencies are not less than 50 i.e.

n  50
 Expected frequency of any cell is not less than 5 & preferably
more than 10.
 Total of expected frequency is equal to total of observed
frequencies i.e.

  
Conditions of Chi-Square Test
 Each sample observation is independent of
the other.
 The constraints on the cell frequencies, if
any are not linear.
 No assumptions regarding population
mean.
 No other parameter test is applicable in the
problem.
 Application of Χ test
2

Parametric Test Non-Parametric Test

Test based on population Test which is not based on

parameter regarding the assumptions regarding
which assumptions can be the population
made
Degree of Freedom means the number
of classes to which the values can be
assigned, arbitrarily without violating
the restrictions placed.
Formula:
df    n - m
 Application of Χ test 2

Parametric Test Non-Parametric Test

Test for population variance Test of Independence

Test of Homogeneity

Test of Goodness of Fit

PARAMETRIC TEST
Test for population variance can
be used to judge that the random
sample has been drawn from a normal
population with mean and specified
variance.
 •Question 1:

Weights in kg of 10 students are given

below – 38, 40, 53, 45, 53, 47, 43, 55, 48,
52, 49.
Can we say that variance of the distribution
of weight from which the above sample of
10 students was drawn is equal to 20 kgs?
Test this at 5% l.o.s. at 9 df at which   16.92
2

.05
 SOLUTION 1:      2

Let, 38 -9 81
40 -7 49
   20
2

:
45 -2 4
 1:  20 2
53 6 36


2


   2


280
 14
47 0
43 -4
0
16

2
20 55 8 64
  470  48 1 1
 where,     47 
  10  52 5 25
Since the calculated value is less than 49 2 4
the tabulated one .
=470 =280
n=10
Thus, we may accept  
NON-PARAMETRIC TEST
Test of Independence is used to find
whether or not two attributes of sample
are associated or independent of each
other.
Question 2:

A sample of 200 persons with a disease was

selected. Out of them 100 were given drug
& others were not. The following result was
observed:
No. of persons
Drug No Total
Drug
Cured55 65 120
Not 45 35 80
cured
=100 =100 =200
 Solution 2:
Let,
 : Drug not effective


 : Drug effective
1

E11=60 E12=60 =120

R C E21=40 E22=40 =80

Using the formula :  
rc 
100 120 =100 =100 =200
   60 & so on
11 200

Applying Test: (P.T.O.)

     2
          2


5 60 -5 25 .416
45 40 5 25 .625
65 60 5 25 .416
35 40 -5 25 .625
=2.082
 1
2
Tabulated value of  .05 for 1 degree of freedom  3.84
Because tabula ted value is more than
the calculated one.
Thus, H is accepted.
 NON-PARAMETRIC TEST
Test of Goodness of Fit is used to
find out how well the expected
frequencies fit with observed
frequencies
Binomial Poisson Normal
Distribution Distribution Distribution

Degree of Freedom

N-1 N-2 N-3

 Goodness of Fit & Binomial
Distribution
Question 3:
Four coins were tossed & following results were
obtained:

No. of 0 1 2 3 4 n=4
heads
Freque 17 52 54 31 6 N=160
ncy
 Solution 3:
Let,
Ho: Sample distribution agrees with binomial distribution
H1: Sample distribution doesn’t agree with binomial distributio
     
n x x
c q  p
n

&
      
    2
          2


17 10 7 49 4.900
52 40 12 144 3.600
54 60 -6 36 .600
31 40 -9 81 2.025
6 10 -4 16 1.600
=12.725
Conclusion of solution 3
  5 -1  4
2 for 4 degree of freedom  9.49
Tabulated value of  .05
Because tabula ted value is less than
the calculated one.
Thus, H is rejected.
 Goodness of Fit & Poisson
Distribution
Question 4:
In the accounting department of a bank 100 A/c are
selected at random and examined for error.
Following was the observation:

No. of Errors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n=6

No. of accounts 35 40 19 2 0 2 2 =100

 Solution 4:
Let,
Ho: Sample distribution agrees with Poisson distribution
H1: Sample distribution doesn’t agree with Poisson distribution
m x

    e m
x !
&
m
       
x!
f
(where, m  )
f test (P.T.O.)
     2
          2


35 34.65 0.35 0.12 .003

40 36.73 -1.73 2.99 0.081
19 19.47 0.47 0.22 .011
2 6.88 4.88 23.81 3.461
0 1.82 0.18 0.032 0.0178
2 .39 1.61 2.608 6.68
2 .06 1.94 3.763 62.72
=72.98
  6-2  4
Tabulated value of 2
 .05 for 4 degree of freedom  9.49
Because tabula ted value is less than
the calculated one.
Thus, H  is rejected.
 NON-PARAMETRIC TEST

Test of Homogeneity is used to

verify whether or not two or more
independent samples are homogenous
 Question 5:
Insurance co. is interested to know the views
regarding its new policies. For this it selects two
independent samples of males of 100 males &
120 females. The results were as follows:
For Against Indifferent Total
Male 25 40 35 100
Female 35 55 30 120
Total 60 95 65 220

Test the hypothesis at 1% los that the samples have

come from same population.
 Solution 5:
Let,
Ho= samples have come from same population
H1= samples have not come from same population
R  C E11=27. E12=43. E13=29.
Using the formula :  
rc  3 2 5
60 100 E2132.7 E22=51. E23=39.5
   27.3 & so on 8
11 220 E =60 E =95 E =65
31 32 33
           2     2

25 27.3 -2.3 5.29 0.19
40 43.2 -3.2 10.24 0.237
35 29.5 5.5 30.25 1.025
35 32.7 2.3 5.29 0.1617
55 51.8 3.2 10.24 0.1976
30 35.5 5.5 30.25 0.8521
 2 =2.671
2 for 2 degree of freedom  9.21
Tabulated value of  .1
Because tabula ted value is more than
the calculated one.
Thus, H is accepted.
Chi-Square Distribution
The chi-square
distribution
results when
independent
variables
with standard
normal
distributions
are squared
and summed.
Chi-Square Distribution
For the large
sample sizes
where n>50
sampling
Distribution of
Chi-Square
can be
approximated
by a
continuous
curve known
as Chi-Square
Distribution
YATES CORRECTION
Yates Correction was proposed by
F.Yates in 1934 which involves the
reduction of the deviation of observed
from expected frequencies which
reduces the value of chi-square.
Question 6
The result of the survey of 50
shops of small size is given below:

Shops in Total

Town Villages

Run by 17 18 35
men
Run by 3 12 15
women
Total 20 30 50
 Solution 6
Let,
Ho= shops run by women are equal in both
town & village
H1= shops run by women are not equal in both
town & village
R  C E11=14 E12=21 E13=35
Using the formula :  
rc 
E21=6 E22=9 E23=15
20  35
   14 & so on
11 50 E31=20 E32=30 E33=50
Applying Yates Correction

17- 18+0.5=18. 35
0.5=16.5 5

3+0.5=3.5 12-0.5=11.5 15

20 30 50
Solution:
O E (o-e) (o-e) 2 (o-e) 2
/e
16.5 14 2.5 6.25 0.446
3.5 6 -2.5 6.25 1.042
18.5 21 -2.5 6.25 0.298
11.5 9 2.5 6.25 0.694

=2.48
Properties
 

 Median divides area of the curve in two

equal parts.

 =-2

 = Sq.rt.of 

 =2
Properties
 1=0; =2; =8; =48 + 12 2

 

 

 sqrt.

 

 Additive Property
Merits:
 These are distribution free

 Easy to compute

 They can be used with type of

measurements that prohibits the use
of parametric test
Misuses of test:
 Violation of independence between
events
 Small frequencies
 Neglection of frequencies of non-
occurrence
 Failure to equalize the sum of obs. &
exp. Frequency.
 Indeterminate exp. Frequency.
 Incorrect categorizing
 Use of non Frequency data.
 Incorrect determination of no. of df.
 Incorrect computation.
Limitations on the use of test:
 frequencies of non-occurrence should
not be omitted
 No efforts should be made to compute
the test except for the frequencies.
 The test is not appt. for the cases
wherein repeated measurement on
the same groups are represented in
one table
THANKYOU..!!