V Stresses acting on RPDs are transmitted to the

teeth, and to the tissues of the residual ridges.

V The stresses, which tend to move the PD in
different directions are:
1. Masticatory stress( Tissue ward movt).
2. Gravity( Tissue away movt).
3. Sticky food pull the denture occlusaly (Tissue-
away movt).

. Muscles and tongue tend to displace denture
from its foundation.
5. Intercuspation of the teeth may tend to produce
horizontal and rotational stresses unless
occlusal is adjusted.
V ë

V Displacement to lateral and anteroposterior

direction
V 1 & 2 occlusal contacts
V 3 oral musculature
V —racing( providing resistance to lateral movt.of
RPD).
V §J
 
 

  


1. Quality of supporting structure.
2. The tissue-ward movement§of the free end
base create an axis of rotation around which
this appliance is rotated.
This axis of rotation is called a fulcrum line.
According to GPT
V Fulcrum line is a theoretical line passing
through the point around which a lever
functions and at right angles to its path of
movement. The determinants for the fulcrum
line are usually the cross arch occlusal rests
located adjacent to the tissue borne
components around which RPD rotates under
masticatory forces.
The line drawn between the retentive tips of a pair of
clasps on opposite sides of the arch.
V Ô
 





here there is more than one clasp axis, as in this Kennedy Class III
denture, it is the clasps on the axis closer to the saddle in question
which make the major contribution to indirect retention.
V Possible movements do not occur singularly or
independently but tend to be dynamic, and all
occur at the same time.
V The greatest movement possible is found in the
tooth-tissue-supported prosthesis, because of the
reliance on the distal extension supporting tissue
to share the functional loads with the teeth.
V Movement of a distal extension base toward the
ridge tissue will be proportionate to the quality of
that tissue, the accuracy and extent of the denture
base, and the applied total functional load.
V rne movement is rotation about an axis through the most
posterior abutments. This axis may be through occlusal
rests or any other rigid portion of a direct retainer assembly
located occlusally or incisally to the height of contour of the
primary abutments. This axis, known as the V
 

V The axis of rotation may shift toward more
anteriorly placed components, occlusal or
incisal to the height of contour of the abutment,
as the base moves away from the supporting
tissue when vertical dislodging forces act on
the partial denture. These dislodging forces
result from the vertical pull of food between
opposing tooth surfaces, the effect of moving
border tissue, and the forces of gravity against
a maxillary partial denture.
V Presuming that the direct retainers are functional
and that the supportive anterior components
remain seated, rotation³rather than total
displacement³should occur.

V Vertical tissueward movement of the denture base

is resisted by the tissue of the residual ridge in
proportion to the supporting quality of that tissue,
the accuracy of the fit of the denture base, and the
total amount of occlusal load applied.
V Movement of the base in the opposite direction
is resisted by the action of the retentive clasp
arms on terminal abutments and the action of
stabilizing minor connectors in conjunction
with seated, vertical support elements of the
framework anterior to the terminal abutments
acting as indirect retainers.
O
   
  resist movement of the RPD
away from the tissue base. They are placed as far
anterior to the fulcrum line as possible (Ideally
placed, perpendicular to the fulcrum line).These
are
1. Rests

2. Minor connectors

3. Proximal plates

. Major connector
Geed for Support for the indirect retainer
When the saddle is first displaced, mucosal compression
beneath the indirect retainer allows the denture to rotate
around the clasp axis (fulcrum).
(1) When possible, the indirect retainer should rest on a
surface at right angles to its potential path of movement.
(2) If it rests on an inclined tooth surface, movement of the
tooth might occur with resulting loss of support for the
indirect retainer.
V This saddle has an occlusal rest and a clasp on the abutment tooth,
and the connector is a sublingual bar. Although normally a mesial
rest might well be preferred, a distal rest has been used in this
example to simplify the explanation which follows. When sticky
foods displace the saddle in an occlusal direction the tips of the
retentive clasps engaging the undercuts on the abutment teeth
provide the only mechanical resistance to the movement. The
saddle thus pivots about the clasp tips.

V In the maxilla this movement of the saddle away from the ridge
may also be caused by gravity.
If the design is modified by placing a rest on an anterior tooth, this rest (indirect
retainer) becomes the fulcrum of movement of the saddle in an occlusal direction
causing the clasp to move up the tooth, engage the undercut and thus resist the
tendency for the denture to pivot.

F = Fulcrum ² indirect retainer, a component which obtains support.

R = Resistance ² retention generated by the clasp.
E = Effort ² displacing force, eg a bolus of sticky food.

It can thus be seen that to obtain indirect retention the clasp must always be placed
between the saddle and the indirect retainer.
The RPD design should strive to reduce the mechanical advantage of the
displacing force by placing the clasp axis as close as possible to the saddle and by
placing the indirect retainers as far as possible from the saddle.
Indirect retainers do not prevent displacement towards the
ridge. This movement is resisted by the occlusal rest on the
abutment tooth and by full extension of the saddle to gain
maximum support from the residual ridge. In addition, it may
be necessary to compensate for the compressibility of the
denture-bearing mucosa by using the altered cast impression
technique


O: Indirect retention in this design is provided by incisal

rests on LR3 (
3) and LL3 (33).

Displacement in an occlusal direction is indicated by an asterisk



OO: Indirect retention in this instance is provided

primarily by rests on LR
(

) and LR3 (
3) as they are furthest
from the clasp axis. The rests on LL5 (35), LR6 (
6) and LR7 (
7) are
close to the clasp axis and therefore contribute little to the indirect
retention.


OOO: In the case of a bounded saddle there is the potential for direct
retention from both abutments. When this can be achieved, as for the saddle
replacing UR6 (16) and UR5 (15), indirect retention is not required. However, it
is not uncommon for only one of the abutments to be suitable for clasping. In
this design a clasp on UL3 (23) has been omitted for aesthetic reasons. Under
such circumstances indirect retention can be employed, the major contribution
being made by the rest on UR7 (17).
Kennedy IV: In a maxillary denture it is sometimes difficult to achieve
much separation of the clasp axis and indirect retainers. In this example,
clasps engage the mesiobuccal undercuts on UR6 (16) and UL6 (26) and
indirect retention has been achieved by placing the rests on UR7 (17) and
UL7 (27) as far posteriorly as possibl
V A second movement is rotation about a
longitudinal axis as the distal extension base
moves in a rotary direction about the residual
ridge
V This movement is resisted primarily by the rigidity
of the major and minor connectors and their ability
to resist torque.
V If the connectors are not rigid or if a stress-breaker
exists between the distal extension base and the
major connector, this rotation about a longitudinal
axis either applies undue stress to the sides of the
supporting ridge or causes horizontal shifting of
the denture base.
1. —racing the sides of the teeth by means of rigid
clasp arms.
2. Use of continuous bar resting on the lingual
surfaces of the natural standing teeth.