| |
|


||


| ||  
|



Used to make plastics such The element itself is highly Fluorine is too reactive to
 at PTFE
Added to toothpaste to
reactive and handling must
be kept to a minimum
store.. When needed, it is
made in situ by
strengthen tooth enamel electrolysing liquid
Used to make HCFCs hydrogen fluoride
hydrochloric acid and Pesticides can accumulate Chlorine is highly toxic gas.
 chlorinated solvents
Used in the plastics
in the environment - DDT
CFCs destroy stratospheric
It is transported by rail or
road tanker as liquid
industry (for PVC and ozone
polyurethanes)
Used in water treatment
and to make pesticides,
medicine and bleach
Used in manufacture of Organic bromine Bromine is transported in
 flame retardants,
agricultural fumigants and
compounds can destroy
ozone in the stratosphere
lead lined steel tanks.
Transport routes are
in photography planned to minimise the
risk of accidents,.
Used in antiseptic,
 germicides and dyes.
Iodine-131 is used to
diagnose thyroid disease
 anions ±iant ionic lattice
ß Sometimes ionic
crystals contain water in
them. The water
within is known as
4
|

.
cations ß The crystals are said to
be 
|
Ions in solutions
ß When ionic compounds
All acid/alkali neutralisation reactions have this dissolve in water, they become
surrounded by water
ionic equation molecules.
" "!#
$%&)# % ß Water can surround the ion
like this as it is a i



 with a 
 shape
  ß This is known as 

Ions in solutions behave independently
|
|
!ʹ 4 
4 

  

Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Br-(aq) ї AgBr(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
"#
$%" !#
$%& #%
'' 

| are soluble in water
 | are soluble in water except  and ( )
* 
| are soluble in water except
+, (+ and +
*
,
*




*

 are soluble in water
All 
(
| are insoluble in water except #+%)- and those of the *. elements.
 ALLWAYS REMEMBER TO DIVIDE YOUR
n VOLUME BY A HUNDRED FROM

- &
-

c v
I/I0  

| 1

|

RULES:
ß atoms in elements = 0 ClO- Chlorate(I) +1
ß Compounds = 0 ClO2- Chlorate(III) +3
ß Ions = the charge of the ion ClO3- Chlorate(V) +5
ß Electronegative rules Cl04- Chlorate(VII) +7

/! 2 /'

)
" ) &)
 V4 
  




 i
 
2Na ї 2Na+ + 2e- 

 
  
 

Cl2 + 2e- ї 2Cl-  )#%")!#
$%&) !#
$%")#
$%

Cl2(aq) + 2e- ї 2Cl-(aq) ʹ reduction

2I-(aq) їI2(aq) + 2e- - oxidation
  *|#)%  |# )% 
|# )% |#)%
Appearance and Pale yellow gas ±reen gas Dark red liquid Shiny black solid
state at room
temperature
Volatility gas gas Liquid quickly forms Sublimes on
brown gas on warming to give a
warming purple vapour
Solubility in water Reacts with water Slightly soluble to Slightly soluble to Barely soluble, gives
give pale green give red-brown brown solution
solution solution
Solubility in organic soluble Soluble to give a Soluble to give a red Soluble to give
solvents pale green solution solution violet solution

Fluorine is the most reactive and displaces all of them.

Iodine is the least.

 | 
| |

Electrolysis of solutions
Halide ions and white cream yellow
silver ions 2Cl- ї Cl2 + 2e-
Ag+ + X- ї AgX
 | (
| |
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
INSTANTANEOUS ʹ INDUCED PERMANENT ʹ PERMANENT
Weakest type of Occurs when atoms have
intermolecular bon. They can different electronegativity.
happen to all molecules. e.g. HBr



4 
  This is stronger that inst-ind


i   
 
  ii 





POLAR MOLECULES
ß A  | occurs when a molecule had a positive and a negative end
ʹ when this occurred we say its 
|3
ß Molecules with permanent dipole are 

 |* |.

ELECTRONE±ATIVITY BOND POLARITY

—
If the differences in
electronegativity's of the
element in a molecule are
very small, the dipole is
negligible
 4  |
|  |
4

 |* |
C-F
C-Cl As you go down the
As you go down the
bond strength
C-Br decreases
reactivity increases '/5
C-I

Nucleophillic substitution /5

R-Hal + X - ї R-X + Hal-
* |  | $*
 * |


HOH R-Hal + H2O ї R-OH + H+ + Hal- Alcohol Heat under reflux, hydrolysis

OH- R-Hal + OH- ї R-OH + Hal+ Alcohol Heat under reflux with NaOH(aq)
with ethanol as solvent
NH3 R-Hal + NH3 ї R-NH2 + Hal- + H+ amine The halogenoalkane is heated
with concentrated ammonia
solution in sealed tube

 /0/6
ß A tertiary alcohol will react at room temperature with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form a halogenoalkane.
This reaction is carried out in a separating funnel. The halogenoalkane is immiscible in water and forms a layer.
ß The upper layer containing the chloroalkane is run of into a clean beaker
ß The chloroalkane is shaken with a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate to remove and acidity
ß The chloroalkane layer is run o for a second time
ß And hydrous sodium sulfate (drying agent) is added to remove any water
ß The chloroalkane is purified by distillation