English presentation

SUBMITTED BY-
Swati Garg
IX-A
 Acknowledgement
It gives us immense
pleasure in
expressing our sincere
thanks and deep sense of
gratitude to our respected
teacher Mrs.Neelu Wahi for
her valuable guidance, keen
interest and constant
encouragement for the
fulfillment of the Science
 INTRODUCTION
Sports & Games have a very important role to play in the growth and
development of mind and body. Indian history of sports dates back to
the Vedic times when physical exercises were considered to be a
mandatory part of religious rituals. Sports & games can be classified
into two main categories: outdoor and indoor. In India outdoor
sporting activities have a greater mass appeal as compared to indoor
ones. Cricket is by far the most popular sport in India. Apart from
cricket, India has a global identity in field hockey, chess, lawn tennis,
table tennis, formula one racing, badminton, billiards and snooker and
to some extent, in football. Relatively recent introduction to the world
of virtual intelligence has triggered off a wave of crazy fanaticism
especially among the younger generation and subsequently, the
popularity of online gaming has been increasing by leaps and bounce.
Sports
and it’s
forms
 Importance of sports and games
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy'. Rightly said so, that education without
activities is always incomplete. A child may mug up the history textbook, but for how
long? May be till the last bell of exams but if it gets a bit of interactive touch, then the
same student may have such a memorization and understanding that he will not only
just forget it ever in his life but also implement it in his life with an equal degree of
effectiveness. The clear cut inference is this that if the education is the car then sports
and activities are the keys to drive on towards the success! Yesterday I read a
newspaper report which showed the tendency children to remain away from all sorts of
physical activities. I felt really sorry to hear this. Friends if you think that if Newton
had just studied days and nights to bring to the world his greatest achievement, 'The
Principia', then you should also know where from he had got the idea, he got it from
the falling apple when he was observing nature's beauty and strategies! So friends,
reserve your playing time at least for an hour a day, out of the tens of them which you
devote in studying!!Look the world with different angles and you will realize that still
there are infinitely many corners unexplored. See beyond your farthest point of
visuality and know how beautiful the nature is! Enter the world of sports and games, a
world beyond the pages of your books...! The excellence is achieved only by all round
development. Einstein, the greatest genius, was a studious guy but he was also a
thinker, a violinist and much more. So don't ever think to become an Einstein or a
 Air sports
Aerobatics
Ballooning
General aviation including Air racing
Gliding
Hang gliding
Human powered aircrafts
Model aircraft
Parachuting
Paragliding
Sky diving
 Aerobatics
Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes
that are not used in normal flight. Aerobatics are performed in airplanes
 and gliders for training, recreation, entertainment and sport.
Some helicopters, such as the MBB Bo 105, are capable of limited aerobatic
maneuvers . Most aerobatic maneuvers involve rotation of the aircraft about
its longitudinal (roll) axis or lateral (pitch) axis. Other maneuvers, such as
a spin, displace the aircraft about its vertical (yaw) axis. Maneuvers are often
combined to form a complete aerobatic sequence for entertainment or
competition . Aerobatic flying requires a broader set of piloting skills and
exposes the aircraft to greater structural stress than for normal flight. In some
countries, the pilot must wear a parachute when performing aerobatics .
While many pilots fly aerobatics for recreation, some choose to fly
in aerobatic competitions, a judged sport.
 Ballooning
 Ballooning is a type of aircraft that remains aloft due to
its buoyancy. A balloon travels by moving with the wind. It
is distinct from an airship, which is a buoyant aircraft that
can be propelled through the air in a controlled manner.
The "basket" or capsule that is suspended by cables beneath
a balloon and carries people, animals, or automatic
equipment (including cameras and telescopes, and flight-
control mechanisms) may also be called the gondola.
 General aviation
General aviation (GA) is one of the two categories of civil aviation. It refers to
all flights other than military and scheduled airline and regular cargo flights,
both private and commercial. General aviation flights range
from gliders and powered parachutes to large, non-scheduled cargo jet flights.
The majority of the world's air traffic falls into this category, and most of the
world's airports serve general aviation exclusively.
General aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300
airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft (around
5,200 airports in the U.S., and over 1,000 in Canada). In comparison, scheduled
flights operate from around 560 airports in the U . S. According to the
U.S. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than
one percent of the United States' GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs
in professional services and manufacturing
General aviation covers a large range of activities, both commercial and non-
commercial, including private flying, flight training, air ambulance ,police
aircraft, aerial firefighting, air charter, bush flying, gliding, skydiving, and many
others. Experimental aircraft, light-sport aircraft and very light jets have emerged
in recent years as new trends in general aviation.
 Gliding
Gliding is a recreational activity and competitive air sport in which pilots fly unpowered
aircraft known as gliders or sailplanes using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the
atmosphere to remain airborne. The word soaring is also used for the sport.
Gliding as a sport began in the 1920s. Initially the objective was to increase the duration of
flights but soon pilots attempted cross-country flights away from the place of launch.
Improvements in aerodynamics and in the understanding of weather phenomena have allowed
greater distances at higher average speeds. Long distances are now flown using any of the main
sources of rising air: ridge lift, thermals and lee waves. When conditions are favorable,
experienced pilots can now fly hundreds of kilometers before returning to their home airfields;
occasionally flights of more than 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) are achieved.
Some competitive pilots fly in races around pre-defined courses. These gliding competitions test
pilots' abilities to make best use of local weather conditions as well as their flying skills. Local
and national competitions are organized in many countries, and there are biennial World Gliding
Championships Techniques to maximize a glider's speed around the day's task in a competition
have been developed, including the optimum speed to fly, navigation using GPS and the carrying
of water ballast. If the weather deteriorates pilots are sometimes unable to complete a cross-
country flight. Consequently they may need to land elsewhere, perhaps in a, but motor
glider pilots can avoid this by starting an engine
 Hang Gliding
Hang gliding is an air sport in which a pilot flies a light and unmotorized
foot launch able aircraft called a hang glider (also known as Delta
plane or Delta plane). Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminum
alloy or composite-framed fabric wing. The pilot is ensconced in a harness
suspended from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting body weight
in opposition to a control frame, but other devices, including
modern aircraft flight control systems, may be used. In the sport's early
days, pilots were restricted to gliding down small hills on low-performance
hang gliders. However, modern technology gives pilots the ability
to soar for hours, gain thousands of feet of altitude in thermal updrafts,
perform aerobatics, and glide cross-country for hundreds of miles.
The Federation Aeronautique International and national airspace governing
organizations control some aspects of hang gliding. Gaining the safety
benefits from being instructed is highly recommended.
 Human powered aircraft
A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is an aircraft powered by direct human
energy and the force of gravity; the thrust provided by the human may be the
only source; however, a hang glider that is partially powered by pilot power is a
human-powered aircraft where the flight path can be enhanced more than if the
hang glider had not been assisted by human power. Likewise, HPA inevitably
experience assist from thermals or rising air currents. Pure HPA do not use hybrid
flows of energy (solar energy, wound rubber band, fuel cell, etc.) for thrust. In nil
wind, a flatland-long-gliding aircraft is a form of HPA where the thrust in the nil
wind is provided by the running of the pilot; when the pilot loses touch with the
ground, his or her thrust ceases to add energy to the flight system and
a glide begins; the pilot may or may not add energy after the pilot stops touching
the ground. Humans who tow up a manned kite form one type of human-powered
aircraft. Early attempts at human-powered flight were unsuccessful because of
the difficulty of achieving the high power-to-weight ratio. Prototypes often
used ornithopter principles which were not only too heavy to meet this
requirement but aerodynamically unsatisfactory.
As of 2008, human-powered aircraft have been successfully flown over
considerable distances. However, they are primarily constructed as an
engineering challenge rather than for any kind of recreational or utilitarian
purpose.
 Parachuting 
Parachuting, also known as skydiving, is the action of performing acrobatics during freefall,
followed by deployment of a parachute.
The history of skydiving starts with Andre-Jacques Garnering who made successful parachute
jumps from a hot-air balloon in 1797. The military developed parachuting technology as a way to
save aircrews from emergencies aboard balloons and aircraft in flight, later as a way of delivering
soldiers to the battlefield. Early competitions date back to the 1930s, and it became an
international sport in 1952.Parachuting is performed as a recreational activity and a
competitive sport, as well as for the deployment of military personnel Airborne forces and
occasionally forest firefighters. A fixed base operator at a sky diving airport operates one or
more aircraft that takes groups of skydivers up for a fee. An individual jumper can go up in a light
aircraft such as a Cessna C-172 or C-182. In busier drop zones (DZ) larger aircraft may be used
such as the Cessna Caravan C208, De Havilland Twin Otter DHC6 or Short Sky van.
A typical jump involves individuals jumping out of an aircraft (usually an airplane, but sometimes
a helicopter or even the gondola of a balloon), at approximately 4,000 meters (around
13,000 feet) altitude, and freefalling for a period of time (about a minute) before activating a
parachute to slow the landing down to safe speeds (about 5 to 7 minutes).
When the parachute opens (usually the parachute will be fully inflated by 800 meters or 2,600
feet) the jumper can control the direction and speed with toggles on the end of steering lines
attached to the trailing edge of the parachute, and can aim for the landing site and come to a
relatively gentle stop. All modern sport parachutes are self-inflating "ram-air" wings that provide
control of speed and direction similar to the related par gliders. Purists in either sport would
note that Para gliders have much greater lift and range, but that parachutes are designed to
absorb the stresses of deployment at terminal velocity.
Team Sports
 Team Sports
Hockey
Football
Baseball
Volleyball
Rugby
Cricket
  Hockey
 Hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial
turf, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in
many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand
and South Africa In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides,
although they can be mixed-sex . The governing body is the 116-
member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's field hockey has been
played at each summer Olympic Games since 1908 (except 1912 and 1924), while
women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.
Modern field hockey sticks are J-shaped and constructed of a composite of wood,
glass fiber or carbon fiber (sometimes both) and have a curved hook at the playing
end, a flat surface on the playing side and curved surface on the rear side. While
current field hockey appeared in the mid-18th century in England, primarily in
schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly
established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London.
Field hockey is the national sport of India and Pakistan.
 Football

The game of football is any of several similar team sports, of similar origins which involve, to
varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot in an attempt to score a goal. The most popular of
these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or
"soccer". Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of football is the most popular
in the regional context in which the word appears, including American football, Australian rules
football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league, rugby union and other related games.
These variations are known as "codes."
 Baseball
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The
goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of
four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on
one team (the batting team) take turns hitting against the pitcher of the other team
(the fielding team), which tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting
hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the batting team can stop at any of
the bases and later advance via a teammate's hit or other means. The teams switch
between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs. One
turn at bat for each team constitutes an inning and nine innings make up a
professional game. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played
in England by the mid-eighteenth century. This game and the
related rounder's were brought by British and Irish immigrants to North
America, where the modern version of baseball developed. By the late nineteenth
century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.
Baseball on the professional, amateur, and youth levels is now popular in North
America, parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, and parts of East
Asia. The game is sometimes referred to as hardball, in contrast to the derivative
game of softball.
 Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing
or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world . A regulation
basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches (45.7 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.05 m) high
mounted to a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the
hoop during regular play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is
touching or closer to the hoop than the three-point line, and three points (a "3 pointer") if
the player is "outside" the three-point line. The team with more points at the end of the
game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a tie.
The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling)
or passing it to a teammate. It is a violation (traveling) to walk with the ball, carry it, or
to double dribble (to hold the ball and then resume dribbling).Various violations are
generally called "fouls". Disruptive physical contact (a personal foul) is penalized, and
a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball.
A technical foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly
for unsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical foul gives the
opposing team a free throw . Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of
shooting, passing, and dribbling, as well as specialized player positions and offensive and
defensive structures (player positioning) and techniques. Typically, the tallest members of a
team will play "center", "small forward", or "power forward" positions, while shorter
players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or
 Volleyball
Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of six players are separated
by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's
court under organized rules.
The complete rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: A player on
one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then
hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over
the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball
be grounded within their court. They may touch the ball as many as three times.
Typically, the first two touches are to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball
back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from
being grounded in their court.
The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches,
until either (1): a team makes a kill, grounding the ball on the opponent's court and
winning the rally; or (2): a team commits a fault and loses the rally. The team that
wins the rally is awarded a point, and serves the ball to start the next rally
 Rugby
Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two
teams of thirteen players on a rectangular grass field . One of the two codes of rugby
football, it originated as a split from the Rugby Football Union in England in 1895 over
the issue of payments to players. Its rules were then gradually changed in order to
produce a more entertaining game that would appeal to spectators . Frequently cited
as the toughest, most physically demanding of team sports , the objective in rugby
league is to carry or kick the ball towards the opposing team's goal line where points
are scored by grounding the ball; this is called a try. After scoring a try, the team is
allowed the chance to try at goal with a conversion - a kick for further points. he
opposing team will attempt to stop the attacking side gaining points by preventing their
progress up the field by tackling the player carrying the ball.
The game holds a significant place in the culture and heritage of the areas where it is
played. The European Super League and the Australasian National Rugby League are
the premier club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally predominantly
by European, Australasian and Pacific countries, and is governed by the Rugby League
International Federation. The current World Cup holders are New Zealand.
 Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport. Many variations exist, with its most popular form played
on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular
22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. A game (or match) is contested
between two teams of eleven players each. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as
possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit
the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball
with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without
being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.
There are also variations in the length of a game of cricket. In professional cricket this ranges
from a limit of 20 over's per side (Twenty20) to a game played over 5 days (Test cricket, which
is the highest level of the game). Depending on the form of the match being played, there are
different rules that govern how a game is won, lost, drawn or tied. The rules of two-innings
games are known as the Laws of Cricket and maintained by the ICC and the Marylebone
Cricket Club (MCC); additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day
Internationals augment these laws. In one version of Indoor Cricket, matches include just 6
players per side and include two 12-over innings.