m Health beliefs

˜ ¯ll natural phenomena, including illnesses, were the

work of the gods
m Health practices
˜ Úngaged in acts intended to deter evil gods and
demons
m Úgypt
˜ Health beliefs and practices

˜ Nursing
 Ú
 

 

m alestine
˜ Health beliefs and practices
6 Meveloped the Mosaic Code, one of the first organized
methods of disease control and prevention
˜ Nursing
6 ©ittle information available
6 Hebrew priests took on the role of health inspectors
m reece

˜ Health beliefs
6 elieved that the gods and goddesses of reek mythology
controlled health and illness
˜ Medical science
6 Hippocrates is considered the ³father of medicine´
m Àndia
˜ Health beliefs and practices
6 xedas (2000-1200 C), sacred Hindu books, were the source of
information about health practices
˜ Medical science
6 Meveloped procedures to perform major and minor surgical
operations
6 Àmportance of prenatal care was understood
˜ Nursing
6 Hindu physicians performed major and minor surgeries, including
limb amputations, cesarean deliveries, and wound suturing
6 Àn rare instances women were allowed to work outside the home
 Ú
 

 

m China
˜ Health beliefs
6 eachings of Confucius (531-479 C) had a powerful impact
on health practices
˜ Health practices
6 Œsed acupuncture, hydrotherapy, massage, and exercise to
promote health and harmony
 Ú
 

 

m aome
˜ ¯dapted health and medical practices from the
countries conquered and the physicians enslaved (27
C to ¯M 476)
˜ Ústablished the first military hospital in Úurope in aome
˜ oth male and female attendants cared for the sick
˜ alen was a famous reek physician
m Herbs / new methods of healing
m Men used purging, leeching, and mercury
m aoman Catholic Church
m Wives of emperors
m Changes in health care
m Major advancements in medicine: pharmacology,
chemistry, and medical knowledge
m ³Mark ages´ of nursing
˜ aeligious orders
˜ Nursing no longer appealed to women of high social status
˜ Œndesirable job with poor pay, long hours, and strenuous work
that was considered menial
 Thee  e  he
ef

 
e


 

m ocial conditions
˜ Damine, plague, filth, and crime ravaged Úurope
˜ Nursing orders were established out of great concern
for social welfare
6 isters of Charity²recruited young women for nurse
training, developed educational programs, and cared for
abandoned children
6 t. xincent de aul²established the Hospital for the
Doundling to care for orphaned and abandoned children
m Mexico
˜ Dirst colonists in Mexico were members of Catholic
religious orders
˜ Hospital of the Àmmaculate Conception²first hospital in
North ¯merica, built in 1524 in Mexico City; first medical
school, built at the Œniversity of Mexico
m Colonial ¯merica
˜ Health care deficient
˜ hysicians poorly trained
˜ Úfforts of enjamin Dranklin, ennsylvania Hospital was
the first hospital built in the Œnited tates in 1751
m Úarly nursing career
˜ Damily opposed her interest in nursing at first, then she
was permitted to pursue nurse training
˜ 1851: attended a 3-month nurse training program at the
Ànstitute of Meaconesses at Kaiserswerth, ermany
˜ 1854: began training at the Harley treet Nursing
Home; served as the superintendent of nurses at King¶s
College Hospital in ©ondon
m Crimean War
˜ 1854: accepted an assignment to lead a group of 38
˜ Mespite deplorable conditions
˜ urchased medical supplies, food, and linen; set up a kitchen;
instituted laundry services; initiated social services; spent up to
20 hours each day providing nursing care
m d 

 
he 

˜ ¯septic techniques and Ànfection Control procedures

˜ Nursing research
˜ Memonstrated the value of political activism to effect health care
reform
˜ Ústablished the first nursing school in Úngland
˜ Honored as the founder of professional nursing services
˜ ¯sepsis and infection control, a system for transcribing doctors¶
orders, and a system to maintain patient records
˜ Kept careful statistics
m -amaican nurse who played major role in Crimean War

m Honored by -amaican government and ritish

Commonwealth with a medal for saving the lives of
countless sick and wounded soldiers
m he Civil War period
˜ he Civil War or the War etween the tates(1861-1865)
˜ Morothea Mix appointed to organize military hospitals, provide
trained nurses, and disperse supplies
˜ 6 million people hospitalized
˜ 181 ¯frican-¯merican nurses, both men and women, served
from 1863 to 1864. White nurses made $12 per month; ¯frican-
¯merican nurses made $10
˜ ¯f
 ¯e
 
e e

 

 

6 Harriet ubman ³underground railroad´ to lead slaves to freedom
6 ojourner ruth
6 usie King aylor

˜ x
 ee

eh
 e

 

 

6 Clara arton operated a war relief program; credited with founding
the ¯merican aed Cross
 
 he e e

 
˜ e

f
e
h


e e f e


he

6 üffered little classroom education
6 ün-the-job training occurred in the hospital wards
6 tudents were used as supplemental hospital staff
˜ Ô
e he 
f¯f
 ¯e
 h
 

h

 e
e 
6 Àn 1896 -ohn M. aockefeller established the first school of
nursing for ¯frican-¯merican women at the ¯tlanta aptist
eminary, now known as pelman College
 
 he e e

 
m 1900 to World War À
˜ ¯dvances in the nursing profession
6 1910
6 Úntry level for nursing students
6 Nurse training programs
 
 he e e

 
˜ ©illian Wald developed a viable practice for public health
nursing (Henry treet ettlement) located in the ©ower
Úast ide of New York City

˜ Meveloped the first nursing service for occupational

health (Metropolitan ©ife Ànsurance Company)
6 revention of disease in workers to promote productivity
6 liding scale fee
 
 he e e

 
m World War À and the 1920s
˜ ¯dvances in medical care and public health
6 Àmproved hospital care and surgical techniques
6 Miscoveries in pharmacology: insulin and the precursor to
penicillin
6 Únvironmental conditions improved; serious epidemics of
the previous century became nonexistent
 
 he e e

 
˜ ¯dvances in nursing

6 Nurses served honorably during WWÀ

6 Nurse anesthetists
6 Œ.. ublic Health ervice
6 ¯merican aed Cross, founded by Clara arton in 1882
6 Mary reckenridge established the Drontier Nursing
ervice (DN) in 1925 in rural Kentucky
 
 he e e

 
˜ ©egislation
6 heppard-owner ¯ct
m he reat Mepression (1930-1940)
˜ ocial issues
6 ¯merican economy disintegrated, with more than 6 million
people unemployed
6 Nurses were forced to join the ranks of the unemployed
 
 he e e

 
˜ ©e 


6 ³New Meal´ enacted to rescue the country and provide for

medical care and other services for the large numbers of
indigent people

6 ocial ecurity ¯ct of 1935 affected health care and

provided avenues for public health nursing
 
 he e e

 
6 Main purposes of the ocial ecurity ¯ct
6 National age-old insurance system
6 Dederal grants
6 xocational rehabilitation
6 Medical care
6 ¯ federal-state unemployment system
 
 he e e

 
m World War ÀÀ
˜ ©egislation
6 rograms enacted to expand nursing education and
increase the number of nurses in all military branches
˜ ¯dvances in nursing
6 Nursing became an essential part of the military advance
6 Nurses recognized as an integral part of the military and
attained officer rank
 
 he e e

 
m ost World War ÀÀ (1945-1950)
˜ ocial issues
6 Œnemployment dropped to all-time low
6 Women encouraged to return to childbearing and marriage
rather than to continue employment outside the home
˜ ¯dvances in nursing
6 Memonstrated value to the armed services during the
Korean War
6 Úmerged as a true profession with minimum national
standards for nursing education established
 
 he e e

 
6 y 1950 all states had adopted the tate oard est ool
6 Number of nursing baccalaureate programs grew
6 ¯ssociate degree programs developed in community and
junior colleges
˜ ©egislation
6 Nurse raining ¯ct of 1943
6 Hill-urton ¯ct
6 ¯frican-¯merican nurses were barred from membership in
the ¯N¯ because of segregation laws; all barriers were
dropped in the early 1960s
 
 he e e

 
m Nursing in the 1960s
˜ ©egislation had major and lasting impact on nursing and
health care
˜ Úffect of Medicare reimbursement on nursing
6 Hospital occupancy increased, resulting in increased need
for hospital nurses
6 Nursing embraced hospital setting as the usual practice site
6 Home health movement initiated
 
 he e e

 
m 
 heÔ

˜ Ànfluenced by the women¶s movement, nurses demanded fairer
wages and better working conditions
˜ Hospitals continued to be the focus of nursing education and
practice
˜ Nurses were instrumental in developing community programs,
including hospice programs, birthing centers, and adult daycare
centers
˜ Nurse practitioners began to be recognized as viable, cost-
effective providers of comprehensive health services
 
 he e e

 
m 
 heÔ

˜ ypes of patients needing health care changed
6 Àncreasing numbers
6 Úmergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (¯ÀM)

˜ piraling health care costs became an issue

6 Miagnosis-related group (Ma) system
6 Hospitals forced to enhance efficiencies and reduce patients¶ length
of stay
6 Case management
6 üutpatient and ambulatory services grew
6 Únrollment in managed care plans and health maintenance
organizations grew
6 ¯dvanced nurse practitioners
 
 he e e

 
6 Nursing practice began to move from the hospital setting to
community settings
6 Misease prevention and health promotion gained importance
˜ de 
e
 e
  e
6 ürgan transplantation
6 aesuscitation and support of premature infants
6 Medical specialties flourished
6 Medical technology flourished

˜ Ànadequate funding for public health programs became an issue

˜ cholars suggested that nursing research needed to be focused
on substantive information to guide practice
 
 he e e

 

m Nursing in the 1990s

˜ rowing concerns about the health of the nation

˜ Ànfluence of the ¯ÀM epidemic
˜ Úxposure to hazardous materials
 
 he e e

 
˜ d  e
e
ee
6 Docus moved from acute care to prevention and primary care
6 Úmphasis on outpatient, ambulatory, and home services
6 Massive downsizing of hospital nursing staff and increase in
unlicensed assistive personnel
6 Àncreasing demand for community health nurses and advanced
practice nurses
˜ h 

eq
ee f

 heÔ

 e

6 Docus on health risk assessments based on family and
environmental issues
6 Docus on health promotion and disease prevention
6 romote counseling and health education
 
 he e e

 

m Nursing in the 21st century

˜ Challenges facing professional nurses

˜ Core competencies required by professional nurses
 
 he e e

 
˜ Knowledge required by professional nurses
˜ Consumer issues in health care
6 ¯ccess
6 Quality
6 Cost
6 ¯ccountability
 
 he e e

 
˜ h e
e 
6 ¯ging population
6 Àntercultural population
6 enerational differences in an aging workforce
6 High acuity and short staffing
6 Consumer health value
6 Need for a well-trained work force
6 ¯verage age of full-time faculty 54 years
6 Nurse aeinvestment ¯ct signed into bill ¯ugust 2002 to provide funds
for nursing education, recruitment, and retention
6 2.9 million nurses make up the largest health care profession
 
 he e e

 
˜ ü

 ef



fe
 
e

6 üpportunities to increase knowledge

6 Úvidence-based practice
6 Œnited efforts to shape health care; influence policy
6 Œnited efforts to address the nursing shortage