TYPES OF COAL
= Peat
= Lignite

= Sub-bituminous coal

= Bituminous coal

= Anthracite

= Graphite
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COAL
= Coal mainly consists of carbon.
= It also consists some metal compound and some
other impurities.
SES OF COAL
= Coal as fuel
= Coking and use of coke

= Ethanol production

= Coal tar
COAL AS FEL
= Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce electricity.
= Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce heat through
combustion

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COKING AND SE OF COKE

= Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-

ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal.
= Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in
smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.
= It is further used in making steel.

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ETHANOL PRODCTION

= The reaction of coal and natural gas was used for

making Buna rubber.
= This reaction makes ethanol and it is used to
make Buna rubber.

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COAL TAR

= Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of

high viscosity, which smells
of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons.
= Being flammable, coal tar is sometimes used for
heating or to fire boilers.
= Tar is used in treatment of the skin
disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most
effective.
= It is also used to make roads.
COAL MINING
There are two ways to mine coal
= Surface mining

= nderground mining
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PRODCTS OF PETROLEM
= Ethane and other short-chain alkenes
= Diesel fuel (petro diesel)
= Fuel oils
= Gasoline (Petrol)
= Jet fuel
= Kerosene
= Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
= Lubricants (light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, ).
= Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others.
= Sulfur or Sulfuric acid.
= Bulk tar.
= Asphalt
= Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products or as solid fuel.
= Paraffin wax
= Aromatic petrochemicals to be used as precursors in
other chemical production.
= Plastics
  
Composition
Element Percent range

Carbon 83 to 87%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%

Sulfur 0.5 to 6%

Metals < 0.1%

SES OF PETROLEM
Petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the
hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and
treated by other chemical processes, to be used for a
variety of purposes like:

Ò Asphalt
Ò Diesel fuelLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Ò Lubricating oils
Ò Paraffin wax
Ò Tar
Ò Petrochemicals
= Fuel oils
Ò Gasoline
Ò Kerosene
OIL WELL
=An m


is a general term for any boring
through the earth's surface that is designed to find
and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. It is used
to pump out petroleum.
= Generation of hundreds of millions of
tons of waste products is pro
= Acid rain from high sulfur coal
= Interference
with groundwater and water table levels
= Contamination of land and waterways
and destruction of homes from fly ash
spills
= Impact of water use on flows of rivers and
consequential impact on other land-uses
= Dust nuisance
= Subsidence above tunnels, sometimes
damaging infrastructure
= Coal-fired power plants shorten nearly
24,000 lives a year in the nited States,
including 2,800 from lung cancer
= Coal-fired power plants emit mercury,
selenium, and arsenic which are harmful to
human health and the environment
= Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,
which causes climate change and global
warming according to the IPCC. Coal is the
largest contributor to the human-made
increase of CO2 in the air
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEM
  m
= Oil extraction is costly and sometimes
environmentally damaging, although Dr. John
Hunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper that over
70% of the reserves in the world are associated
with visible macro seepages, and many oil fields
are found due to natural seeps. Offshore
exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the
surrounding marine environment.




= Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker
ship accidents have damaged
natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos
Islands, France and many other places.
= The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has
ranged from a few hundred tons to several
hundred thousand tons (e.g., Atlantic
Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills have
already proven to have a great impact on
ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill
= Oil spills at sea are generally much more
damaging than those on land, since they can
spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil
slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating
of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish
and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land
are more readily containable if a makeshift
earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the
spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land
animals can avoid the oil more easily.
= Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc
methods, and often a large amount of manpower.
The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices
from aircraft on the Torrey Canyon wreck
produced poor results; modern techniques would
include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in
the Prestige oil spill or the Erika oil spill.