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Technologies
(1 September, 2006)
Narrowband
(High Peak Power)
Power
Spread Spectrum
(Low Peak Power)
Frequency
2.479
1 MHz Channels
Divided into 79
2.401
● Hop Time
✔ Is measured in microseconds (us) and is
generally around 200-300 us.
00 01 11 10
Channel 1 Channel 11
2.412 GHz
Channel 6 2.462 GHz
2.437 GHz
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 24
DSSS Non-overlapping Channels
✔ Each channel is 22 MHz wide. In
order for two bands not to overlap
(interfere), there must be five
channels between them.
P 3 MHz ✔ A maximum of three channels may
be co-located (as shown) without
overlap (interference).
22 MHz
✔ The transmitter spreads the signal
sequence across the 22 Mhz wide
channel so only a few chips will be
impacted by interference.
f
2.401 GHz 2.473 GHz
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 25
DSSS
Encoding and Modulation
● Modulation Schemes
✔ Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK): Two phase
shifts with each phase shift representing one transmitted bit.
✔ Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK): Four
phase shifts with each phase shift representing two bits.
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 27
DSSS Encoding
● Reception.
✔A zero bit corresponds to an eleven bit sequence of six 1s.
✔A one bit corresponds to an eleven bit sequence of six 0s.
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Barker Sequence
Chipping Code
(Barker Sequence) 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
10110111000
Original Data 1 0
One Bit One Bit
Spread Data
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Six 0s = 1 Six 1s = 0
● To transmit 5.5 Mbps 4 data bits is mapped into 8 CCK chipping bits..
● The unique 8 chipping bits is determined by the bit pattern of the 4
data bits to be transmitted. The data bit pattern is:
✔ b0, b1, b2, b3
✔ b2 and b3 determine the unique pattern of the 8 bit CCK chipping
code.
Note: j represents the imaginary number, sqrt(-1), and appears on the imaginary
or quadrature axis of the complex plane.
●To transmit 5.5 Mbps 4 data bits is mapped into 8 CCK chipping bits..
●The unique 8 chipping bits is determined by the bit pattern of the 4 data
bits to be transmitted. The data bit pattern is:
✔ b0, b1, b2, b3
✔ b0 and b1 determine the DQPSK phase rotation that is to be
applied to the chip sequence.
✔ Each phase change is relative to the last chip transmitted.
0 Phase
✔A Zero phase shift from the
Shift
previous symbol is interpreted as
a 0.
180 degree
✔A 180 degree phase shift from Phase Shift
the previous symbol is interpreted
as a 1.
180 degree
Phase Shift
54 Mbps OFDM
30
Date Rate in Mbps
10
1 5 10 15 20
Number of Co-located Systems
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 42
OFDM
8 Lower and
Channels Middle UNII
frequency band
Frequency
Sine Wave
Amplitude
Phase
Change in
Amplitude
✔Frequency Modulation varies the
number of oscillation (waves) per
second
Change in
Frequency
✔Phase Modulation changes the
starting point of the wave.
900
2 bits/phase
900
01 00
11 10
11 = 2250 Phase Change
2700
900
180o 0o
2700
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 55
Summary of OFDM Encoding/Modulation
✔ 64 Phase shifts can encode 6 bits /phase shift resulting is a transmission rate of
either 48 or 54 Mbps depending upon the number of sub-channels (R) used for error
correction.
✔ Coding Rate (R) is the ratio of sub-channels carrying data to sub-channels
carrying error correction code. E.G., 1/2 would indicate that 24 sub-channels (1/2 X
48 = 24) are being used for error correction while the remaining 24 sub-channels are
used for data transmission.
✔ The Length of the each Symbol is equal to number of sub-carriers times the
bits /transition. e.g., 48 X 6 = 288.