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DIFFUSION IN SOLID

Oleh :
Bobby Fadillah
Rakhmat Hidayanto
Ferlyandi
Jesrel Tobing
F. Asisi G Naibaho
Arie Pratama
Aditya Heryadi
Outline Presentation
 Mechanism Diffusion in Solid
 Diffusion Under the Influence of a

Composition Gradient
 Darkens Equation
 Temperature Dependence of Diffusion in

Solids
 Appliccation of diffusion in solid in

metallurgy
 Refrence
Mechanism Diffusion in Solid
• Glass tube filled with water.
• At time t = 0, add some drops of ink to one end
of the tube.
• Measure the diffusion distance, x, over some time.
• Compare the results with theory.

to x (mm)
t1
t2
t3
time (s)
xo x1 x2 x3
Diffusion Mechanisms (I)

Energy is needed to generate a vacancy, break bonds, cause distortions.


Provided by HEAT , kT !
Atom moves in the opposite direction of the vacancy !
Diffusion Mechanisms (II)
Interstitial Diffusion

Much faster than vacancy diffusion, why ? Smaller atoms like B, C, H, O.


Weaker interaction with the larger atoms. More vacant sites, no need to
create a vacancy !
Diffusion Mechanisms (III)
Substitutional Diffusion:

• applies to substitutional impurities


• atoms exchange with vacancies
• rate depends on:
--number of vacancies
--activation energy to exchange.

increasing elapsed time

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Mechanism Diffusion in Solid
 Diffusion, simply, is atoms moving from one lattice site to
another in a stepwise manner
◦ Transport of material by moving atoms
 Two conditions are to be met:
◦ An empty adjacent site
◦ Enough energy to break bonds and cause lattice distortions
during displacement
 What is the energy source ?
◦ HEAT !
Diffusion Under the Influence of a Composition
Gradient
In an alloy, atoms tend to migrate
• Interdiffusion:
from regions of high conc. to regions of low conc.
Initially After some time

Adapted
from Figs.
5.1 and 5.2,
Callister 7e.
DIFFUSION: THE PHENOMENA (2)
• Self-diffusion: In an elemental solid, atoms also migrate.

Label some atoms (use isotopes) After some time

C
C
A D
A
D
B
B

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Darkens Equation
 Hubungan kenaikan difusi melawan gradien
konsentrasi

D = (XABBKBT+XBBAKBT)

 Dimana bila sistem ideal yA = 0 maka


persamaan menjadi:
 D = diffusion koefisient
 kB = konstanta boltzman
 XA = fraksi mole dari spesies A
 XB = fraksi mole dari spesies B
 BA = intrinsitic difusi dari spesies A
 BB = intrinsitic difusi dari spesies B
Temperature Dependency !

What is the probability to find a


vacancy at a nearest site ?

Atom has to break bonds and


“squeeze” thru => activation
energy, Em ≈ 1 eV .

BINE
M
CO
Temperature Dependency !

What is the probability to find a


vacancy at a nearest site ?

Atom has to break bonds and


“squeeze” thru => activation
energy, Em ≈ 1 eV .

BINE
M
CO
Temperature Effect !

The diffusion depends on temperature because;


a- # of vacancies in the vicinity
b- thermally activated successful jumps
Diffusion and Temperature
• Diffusion coefficient increases with increasing T.

æ Qd ö
D = Do expç- ÷
è RT ø

D = diffusion coefficient [m2/s]


Do = pre-exponential [m2/s]
Qd = activation energy [J/mol or eV/atom]
R = gas constant [8.314 J/mol-K]
T = absolute temperature [K]
Diffusion and Temperature
D has exponential dependence on T

1500

1000

600

300
T(C)
10-8
C

D (m2/s)
in

Ci
na Dinterstitial >> Dsubstitutional
g-

-Fe
Fe e i

C in a-Fe Al in Al
F
Fe

10 -14
C in g-Fe Fe in a-Fe
n
i
ng

a-

Al

Fe in g-Fe
Fe

in
-Fe

Al

10-20
0.5 1.0 1.5 1000 K/T

Adapted from Fig. 5.7, Callister 7e. (Date for Fig. 5.7 taken from E.A.
Brandes and G.B. Brook (Ed.) Smithells Metals Reference Book, 7th
ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1992.)
Application of diffusion in solids in
metallurgy
 Pack carburizing
 Solid solution Hardening
 Presipitation Hardening
Reference
 Geiger. G.H Transport Phenomena in
metallurgy
 www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~bengu/chem201/.../

Chapter_05_avi_erman
 www.amazon.com › ... › 
Science & Mathematics › Mechanics

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