ZTE University

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GSM
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Important Principles and Technologies of GSM

ZTE University
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OBJECTIVES
To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile technology To understand the entities that made up GSM Mobile System To know the principles and services that make up GSM

ZTE University
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EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all telecommunications technologies. Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really developed. The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

ZTE University
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EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

STAGES OF PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK

GENERATION
First Second Third

STAGE
Analog Mobile Telephone System Digital Mobile Communication System International Mobile Telephony 2000

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FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

NMT 450
Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981

AMPS
Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started in 1983

TACS
Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz started in 1985

NMT 900 - A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986

ZTE University
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FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

CONS OF ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

No public air interface between various systems Problem in inter-operability with digital networks Low frequency availability thus reducing network capacity Low degree of subscriber security and safety

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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (1)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) 2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)

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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (2)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (TDMA)

D-AMPS
Digital AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900 MHz, started in 1991

PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1994

GSM
- Global Systems for Mobile Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in 1991
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (3)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (TDMA) GSM 1800

Digital Cellular System: used in 1800 MHz, started in 1992

GSM 1900
Personal Communication System: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1995

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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
WHAT IS GSM?

GROUPE SPECIALE MOBILE

GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS

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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Why was there a need to develop a cellular standard?
Incompatibility among existing cellular systems which were mostly analog Spectrum Efficiency International roaming capability Low mobile and Station Cost Good subjective voice quality Compatibility with other systems Ability to support new services
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MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (1)

1. Spectrum Efficiency 2. Capacity 3. Strong Anti-Interference Capability

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MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (2) 4. Open Interfaces 5. Security 6. Interconnection with other networks 7. Roaming
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (4)

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (N-CDMA)

A mobile communication system developed mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of IS95. The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association(TIA). This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001
ZTE University
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000)

The future of mobile network that will allow the multi-media support of high flow of services and mobility, with performances higher than those currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS Designation of frequency bands is harmonized universally in the vicinity of 2 GHz Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps
ZTE University
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

IMT 2000 MAIN FEATURES

Multiple System Inter-operability With a high degree of consistency in worldwide design Compatibility between IMT-2000 services and fixed networks High quality Small portable terminals used worldwide.

ZTE University
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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

Bit rate

2 Mb/s 384 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 9.6 Kb/s

Technology CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT 2000 1997 ZTE University
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1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

GSM
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
MS
MS

(Mobile Station)

BTS

BSS (Base Station System)

BSC
PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

Voicemail Server SM-SC VLR

OMC NMC

NSS
HLR AuC EIR
OMC

(Network Switching Subsystem)

OMM(Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
Um Abis BSC BTS MSC/VLR/GMSC A

TRAU

HLR/AUC
Qx

BTS

EIR OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU

SMC

PSTN / PLMN / PSPDN / ISDN

BSC BTS Ater A

MSC/VLR/GMSC

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
BSS: Base Station Subsystem BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC:Mobile Services Switching Center OMC:Operation and Maintenance Center AUC:Authentication Center EIR:Equipment Identification Register

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
HLR:Home Location Register VLR:Visitor Location Register MS:Mobile Station ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber MS comprises of the following:
1. Mobile Equipment 2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Personal Identification Number (PIN) is used to prevent unauthorized use of SIM Card

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)

Mobile Equipment

ZTE University

SIM

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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
Consists of GSM Type permission code and related manufacturer product number

International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI)

This number is also stored in Home Location Register (HLR)

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
Performs the following main functions:
Switching functions Database functions Mobility Management Safety Management

Manages communication among GSM Mobile subscribers and other communication network subscribers

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
Network Switching Subsystem
F C A
MSC

EIR
VLR

BSC/ TRC E G HLR/ AUC

B C
MSC

VLR

F ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
SIX FUNCTIONAL UNITS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) Home location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentification Center (AUC) Equipment Identification Register (EIR) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) The core of GSM Network which provides switching functions Connects mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers or with other mobile subscribers Provides interfaces to other communication networks and interconnection with other MSCs

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF MSC
MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber call requests from 3 types of databases (HLR, VLR and AUC). Series of services provided by MSC:
1. TELECOM SERVICES eg. Telephony, fax, emergency call, etc 2. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES eg. Call forwarding, call barring, etc. 3. BEARER SERVICES eg. Security and authentication, etc.

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)
Dynamic subscriber database Stores all related information of mobile subscribers entering the MSC Service Area Obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR of a mobile subscriber

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
Central Database of GSM System Stores all related data of a mobile subscribers controlled by the same HLR Important Static Data:
IMSI, Access capability, subscriber type, and Supplementary services

HLR also stores and provides MSC(A) with (dynamic) information of the MSC(B) area into which a mobile station has roamed, so that any incoming call is immediately sent to the called subscriber on a selected path.

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)
Functional unit of HLR which is especially used for security management of the GSM System Stores authentication information and encryption keys for:
Subscriber authentication Encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on radio interfaces

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFCATION REGISTER (EIR)
Stores International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment 3 Types of List:
1. 2. 3. WHITE Authorized Mobile Equipment GRAY MEs that should be monitored in case of faults BLACK Unauthorized Mobile equipment

Mobile operators used EIR information the location of reported stolen MS and block it

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE
GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area

CELL LOCATION AREA MSC SERVICE AREA PLMN SERVICE AREA GSM SERVICE AREA

Cell

ZTE University
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BSS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
ZXG-10 BSS ARCHITECTURE
Um Interface Abis Interface Q3 Interface

BTS
B I E B I E OMC-R

MS BSC

BTS

SM

SM

TC

MSC

BS Interface

Ater Interface

A Interface

ZTE University

TC: TransCoder SM: SubMultiplexing

BIE: Base station Interface Equipment

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GSM SYSTEM
BASE TRANCEIVER STATION (BTS)
Radio transmission part of the Base Station Subsystem Controlled by the Base Station Controller Holds cell radio tranceiver equipment Handles conversation between BSC and radio channels Performs radio transmission and control function between BTS and MS via Um interface

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

Performs the switching function of BSS Network Connections

Several BTSs MSC (if Transcoder is included in BSC) OMC-R

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
BSC FUNCTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Manages radio network and resources Supervises and manages BTSs Controls the establishment, connection and disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS Handover Paging of Mobile Stations Operations and Maintenance functions

ZTE University
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GSM SYSTEM
TRANSCODER (TC)

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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM

Service Carrier

OAM

Subscriber

CM MM RR TRANSMISSION
ZTE University
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM

Transmission: data transmission function, providing methods of carrying subscriber data and transmitting signalings between different entities in various segments along the communication path. RR: radio resources management, setting up and releasing stable connections between mobile stations and MSC at the call setup stage, which is mainly performed by MS and BSC;

ZTE University
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM

MM: refers to mobility and safety management,
mobile station processing environment changing, making choices of cells possibly belonging to different networks, so that the calling subscriber is able to set up a valid process; infrastructures are required to manage subscriber location data (location updating)

ZTE University
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM

CM : refers to communication management, i.e., under subscriber requests, setting up connections between subscribers, maintaining and releasing calls (which can be divided into CCcall control, SSMsupplementary service management, and SMSshort messages service) OAM: Operation, administration and maintenance platform, providing operation methods for operators. The service is supplied by the transmission layer directly.
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

MS
CM MM RR RR RR BTSM BTSM SCCP MTP3 LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP2 Radio Carrier Um E1/ T1 Abis E1/ T1 A SCCP MTP3 MTP2 BSSAP

BTS

BSC

MSC
CM MM BSSAP

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

2 KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING
DTAP MS BTS/ BSC BSSMAP MSC

DTAP:transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM) BSSMAP:BSS management message (RR+BTSM)

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

A interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (1)
The A interface is used in the message between

BSC and MSC as well as the message coming into/out of MS LAYER 1 Physical and electrical parameter and channel architecture Integration of MTP1 in Common Channel Signaling No.7 (CSS7), adopting 2 Mbps PCM digital link as the transmission
ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

A interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (2) LAYER 2 defining the data link layer and the network layer, namely MTP2, MTP3 and SCCP. MTP2 is a variant of HDLC protocol MTP3 and SCCP (Signal Connection Controlling Part) implements signaling route selection

ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

A interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3) LAYER 3 Application layer which includes BSS application part (BSSAP) and BSS operation and maintenance application part (BSSOMAP). This layer maintains and manages the resources and the connections in BSS as well as controls both the connection and the disconnection of service.
ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (1) The Abis interface complies with the requirements in 08.5X series of GSM standards. Layer 1 -Physical layer, usually adopts the 2Mbit/sPCM link in accordance with the specifications stipulated in ITU-T G.703 and G.704

ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (2) LAYER 2 - The data link layer employs the LAPD protocol, which is a point to multi-point communication protocol. LAPD utilizes the frame structure including the flag field, the control field, the information field, the check field and the flag sequence. The service access point identification (SAPI) and the terminal equipment identification (TEI) are both found in the flag field, used to discriminate respectively the service and the entity to access.
ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)
FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD

FLAG

ADDR

CONTL

MESSAGE

FCS

FLAG

SAPI

TEI

N(S)

N(R)

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4)
FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD
FLAG: Flag ADDR: Address FCS: Frame check sequence SAPI: Service access point identifier TEI: Terminal equipment identifier N(S): Sending frame No. N(R): Receiving frame No.

ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4) LAYER 3 - The upper layer part, transmits the application part of BTS, including the radio link management (RLM) function and the operation and maintenance function. Through the Abis interface, BSC provides such signaling control information as BTS configuration, BTS monitoring, BTS testing, and service control.
ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (1) LAYER 1 Transmission layer (physical layer), the lowest layer of Um interface Provides transmission channel for radio link and provides differently functional logic channels (control channel and traffic channel ) for higher layer.

ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (2) LAYER 2 Data link layer, provides reliable dedicated data link for and between MS and BTS. Its based on link access protocol of D channel (LAPD), but add some protocols of mobile applications that are unique to GSM (LAPDm, the difference is that no FCS and sync flag in LAPDm)

ZTE University
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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)
FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPDm
1 ADDR 1 CONTL 21 MESSAGE

SAPI SAPI 0 : Signaling Application

N(S)

N(R)

SAPI 3: Short Message Application ZTE University

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE

Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (4) LAYER 3 Application layer, performs controlling and management functions. It includes three sub-layers - CM, MM and RR, each realizes call control, supplementary service management and short message management respectively.

ZTE University
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FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS
S Y S T E M P - G S M 9 0 0 E - G S M 9 0 0G S M 1 8 0 0 G S M 1 9 0 0
F re q u e n c ie s - U p lin k - D o w n lin k 8 9 0 - 9 1 5 M H z8 8 0 - 9 1 5 M H1 z7 1 0 - 1 7 8 5 M 8 5z 0 - 1 9 1 0 M H z 1H 9 3 5 - 9 6 0 M H z9 2 5 - 9 6 0 M H1 z8 0 5 - 1 8 8 0 M 9 3z 0 - 1 9 9 0 M H z 1H ~ 33 cm 35 M Hz 45 M Hz 200 kHz 175 ~ 17 cm 75 M Hz 95 M Hz 200 kHz 375 ~ 16 cm 60 M Hz 80 M Hz 200 kHz 300

W a ve le n g t h ~ 33 cm B a n d w id t h 25 M Hz D u p le x D is t a n c e 4 5 M H z C a rr ie r S e p a r a t io 2 0 0 k H z n R a d io C h a n n e ls 1 2 5

ZTE University
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FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCYDOMAIN
Frequency
BP

200 kHz

15/26 ms

Interval

ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

CHANNEL TYPES Channels are divided into physical and logical channels: 1. Physical Channels the path used to carry information between an MS and a BTS 2. Logical Channels different information carried on the physical channels a. Control Channels b. Traffic Channels
ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

Logical Channels

Control Channels

Traffic Channels

Broadcast Channels

Common Control Channels

Dedicated Control Channels

FCCH SCH BCCH

RACH AGCH PCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Traffic channel carries encoded speech or subscriber data, including full-rate traffic channel and half-rate traffic channel: Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F): total rate is 22.8 kbit/s Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H): total rate is 11.4 kbit/s 1) Speech channel TCH/FS: full-rate speech traffic channel TCH/HS: half-rate speech traffic channel 2) Data channel TCH/F9.6: 9.6kbit/s full-rate data traffic channel

ZTE University

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Air Interface CHANNELS

CONTROL CHANNELS Control channels carry signaling information used by the MS to locate a BTS, synchronize itself with the BTS, and receive information required to perform call setup. There are three categories of control channels: 1. Broadcast Channel (BCH) 2. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) 3. Common Control Channel (CCCH)
ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

CONTROL CHANNEL BROADCASTING CHANNEL (BCH)
They are used only as downward channels, i.e., one-way transmission from the base station to mobile stations. They can be divided into three types of channels: a.

ZTE University

FCCH: frequency correction channel, carrying information used in MS frequency calibration. b. SCH: synchronization channel, carrying information of MS frame synchronization and base Transceiver station (BTS) identification. c. BCCH: broadcasting control channel; this channel broadcasts general BTS information. Among transceivers at each base station, there is always one transceiver that contains such a channel, so as to broadcast system information to mobile stations

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Air Interface CHANNELS

CONTROL CHANNEL COMMON CONTROL CHANNEL (CCCH)

CCCH are shared by all mobile stations in the network. There are 3 types of such channels: a.

PCH: paging channels, used by a base station to page mobile stations (downward). b. RACH: random access channel, used by mobile stations for random access network application, i.e., requesting the allocation of SDCCH channels (upward). c. AGCH: access granted channel, used by a base station to respond to random access requests of mobile stations, i.e., to assign one SDCCH or directly assign one TCH (downward). ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

CONTROL CHANNEL DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL (DCCH)
In application, the base station will assign it to a mobile station, so as to make point-to-point transmission between the base station and the mobile station. a. SDCCH: a stand-alone dedicated control channel, used to transmit such information as channel assignment. b. SACCH: slow-speed associated control channel, used in combination with one traffic channel or one SDCCH, to send some specific subscriber information, e.g.,power and frame adjustment control information, measurement data, etc.
ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

CONTROL CHANNEL DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL (DCCH)
c. FACCH: fast associated control channel, combining with one traffic channel to carry the same signals as SDCCH, but it is assigned only when SDCCH has not been assigned. Call connection is realized via frames borrowed from traffic channels to transmit such commands as hand-over

ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

TDMA FRAME
1 TDMA frame fi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Multiframe

TDMA1

TDMA25 or 50

Channel 0 Channel 1

Channel 7

ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

CHANNEL COMBINATION

Item
1 2 3 4
ZTE University

Configuration
TCHFull TCHHalf TCHHalf2 MainBCCH BCCHCom bined

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Air Interface CHANNELS

Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

ZTE University
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Air Interface CHANNELS

Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel 51
BC C H +C C C H F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I BC C H +C C C H R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (a ) F C C H + S C H + B C C H + C C C H 8 S D C C H /8 D 0 D 0 8 S D C C H /8 A 1 A 5 D 1 D 1 A2 A6 D 2 D 2 A3 A7 D 3 D 3 I I I I I I D 0 D 0 D 4 D 4 D 1 D 1 D 5 D 5 D 2 D 2 D 6 D 6 D 3 D 3 D 7 D 7 D 4 D 4 A0 A4 D 5 D 5 A1 A5 D 6 D 6 A2 A6 D 7 D 7 A3 A7 I I I I I I A0 A4

( b ) S D C C H /8 ( 0 ,...,7 ) + S A C C H /C 8 ( 0 ,...,7 ) BC C H +C C C H F S + 4 S D C C H /4 F S BC C H +C C C H + 4 S D C C H /4 D 3 D 3 B B R R R R C C A2 A0 F S F S A3 A1 C C C C F S F S D 0 D 0 D 1 D 1 F S F S D 2 D 2 D 3 D 3 D 0 D 0 F S F S D 1 D 1 A0 A2 F S F S A 1 A 3 D 2 D 2 I I

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

( c ) F C C H + S C H + C C C H + S D C C H /4 ( 0 ,...,3 ) + S A C C H /C 4 ( 0 ,...,3 )

ZTE

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F F C C H B B C C H R R University AA CC CH H / C A S

S S C H C C C C H C C C H = P C H + A G C H + R A C H D S D C C H I id le

CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT INSIDE CELLS

Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX

TN0:FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3)+ SACCH/C4(0,_,3); TN1_7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs

1TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

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CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT INSIDE CELLS

Large-size cell with 12 TRXs 1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group: BCCH+CCCH; 5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (1)
BURST the information contained in one TS of TDMA frame over the air interface 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BURST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Normal Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst Access Burst Dummy Burst

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Training Sequence 26

Training Sequence 64

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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (2) 1. NB (Normal Burst): used for traffic channel and control channels except for RACH, SCH, FCCH. 2. AB (Access Burst): Transmitted on RACH channel and used as access request made by MS to BTS. AB is the sole short BP sequence defined by GSM protocol.

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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (3) 3. SB (Synchronization Burst): Transmitted on SCH channel and used for initial synchronization seizing by MS. 4. FB (Frequency Correction Burst) : Used for carrier frequency correction of MS. 5. DB (Dummy Burst): Has the same format with NB, mainly used for bit filling
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TRAINING SEQUENCE OF GSM

TSC
0 1 2 3

H e x a d e c im a l
970897 B778B7 10EE90E 11ED 11E

ZTE University

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TRAFFIC
Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can support and is usually described as follows:

A= nT/3600 where, n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour T- average duration of each call(in seconds) A - Traffic, in Erlang
Problem: If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as: =1120/3600=33mErl For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
ZTE University
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GRADE OF SERVICE (1)

Grade of Service GOS GOS refers to the degree of network congestion or call loss rate. GOS=2% means that 98% of subscribers can make calls successfully and 2% of subscribers will end up with unsuccessfulness. For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.

ZTE University
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GRADE OF SERVICE (2)

N um ber
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GRADE OF SERVICE (3)

Erlang-B Traffic Tables Abbreviated For 2% Grade of Service Only
E E #Trunks rlangs #Trunks rlangs #Trunks E Erlangs Erlangs #Trunks rlangs #Trunks rlangs #Trunks rlangs #Trunks rlangs #Trunks E E E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.0204 0.223 0.602 1.09 1.66 2.28 2.94 3.63 4.34 5.08 5.84 6.61 7.4 8.2 9.01 9.83 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.2 14 14.9 15.8 16.6 17.5 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 18.4 19.3 20.2 21 21.9 22.8 23.7 24.6 25.5 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.2 30.1 31 31.9 32.8 33.8 34.7 35.6 36.5 37.5 38.4 39.3 40.3 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 41.2 42.1 43.1 44 44.9 45.9 46.8 47.8 48.7 49.6 50.6 51.5 52.5 53.4 54.4 55.3 56.3 57.2 58.2 59.1 60.1 61 62 62.9 63.9 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 64.9 65.8 66.8 67.7 68.7 69.6 70.6 71.6 72.5 73.5 74.5 75.4 76.4 77.3 78.3 79.3 80.2 81.2 82.2 83.1 84.1 85.1 86 87 88 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 88 89.9 91.9 93.8 95.7 97.7 99.6 101.6 103.5 105.5 107.4 109.4 111.3 113.3 115.2 117.2 119.1 121.1 123.1 125 127 128.9 130.9 132.9 134.8 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 136.8 138.8 140.7 142.7 144.7 146.6 148.6 150.6 152.6 154.5 156.5 158.5 160.4 162.4 164.4 166.4 168.3 170.3 172.4 174.3 176.3 178.2 180.2 182.2 184.2 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 186.2 188.1 190.1 192.1 194.1 196.1 198.1 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 213.9 215.9 217.9 219.9 221.9 223.9 225.9 227.9 229.9 231.8 233.8 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 235.8 285.7 335.7 385.9 436.1 486.4 587.2 688.2 789.3 890.6 999.1 1093

ZTE University

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SUGGESTED CHANNEL CONFIGURATION

Based on Zhongxing Traffic Model at GoS of 2%

N u m b e r o f T R1X CCHs 1 TC H s 7 T r a f f i c G o S 2 .% 4 29
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2 2 14 8 .2 0

3 2 22 14.

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GSM CALL TRANSMISSION PROCESS

8 STAGES OF CALL TRANSMISSION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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Analog to Digital Conversion Segmentation Speech Encoding Channel Encoding Channel Interleaving Ciphering Burst formatting Modulation and Transmission

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CHANNEL ENCODING
Chanel encoding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech coding as an input and outputs 456 encoded bits. - Special redundancy technologies adopted to increase the bulk of transmitted information which can be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) at the sending end and extracted at an agreed pattern (decoding) at the receiving end in order to enhance the anti-interference capacity and transmission - Commonly used channel coding methods are: 1) convolutional coding; 2) Fire coding; 3) parity check coding.

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CHANNEL ENCODING
CONVOLUTIONL CODING
260 bits / 20ms 50 bit (Ia) 132 bit (Ib) 78 bit (Ic)

50

132

4 Protection bits

78

Fire Code 53 bit 136 bit 189 bit 78 bit

CONVOLUTIONAL CODER (1:2)

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456 bit

378 bit

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CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Interleaving technique is adopted, by which the continuous bits in an information block are segmented and transmitted individually according to certain rules. The original continuous block in the transmission process becomes discontinuous, forming a group of interwoven message transmitting blocks, which are to be recovered (de-interleaving) into the original information blocks at the receiving end.

ZTE University
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CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Block A
456 bit

Block B
456 bit

Block A+1
456 bit

Block B+1
456 bit

0 1 2 3 4 5 06 17 2 3 4 5 0 6 1 7 2 3 4 5 0 6 1 7 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 8 4 9 51 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 81 4 91 51 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 81 4 9 51 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1

Odd N+4
57

Even N
57

Odd N+6 Odd N+5 Even N+1

57

Even N+2 Odd N+7

57

Even N+3
57

57

57

57

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

1 2 3 4 5 6 17 28 3 4 5 6 1 7 2 8 3 4 5 6 1 7 2 8 3 4 5 6 7
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MODULATION

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DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION
DTX
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. 1) Lower the total interference level in the air 2) Save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.

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TIMING ADVANCE
TA
Signals sent by a base station on the broadcasting channel help mobile stations to synchronize with the base station. After connection is set up between a mobile station and the base station, the base station will make continuous tests, and provide the time advance (TA) on the SACCH channel to all mobile stations twice every second according to the BS-MS-BS broadcasting delay. Mobile stations will make self-adaptive frame adjustment according to time advance so that the time of mobile station transmission to the base station matches that of base station reception.
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FREQUENCY HOPPING (1)

Frequency hopping refers to the hopping of carrier wave frequencies according to a certain sequence in a very wide frequency range. Frequency hopping is used to avoid external interference. In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce cochannel interference and frequency selective fading effect by converting frequencies to an extent that interference cannot catch up with There are two frequency hopping modes: base band frequency hopping and synthesized hopping.

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FREQUENCY HOPPING (2)

OPERATION FLOW
1. Data of control information are converted into base band signals after modulation, which are then sent into carrier wave modulation. 2. Afterwards, the carrier frequency changes under the control of pseudo-random codes, the sequence of which is frequency-hopping sequence. 3. Finally, when filtered by radio filter, the carrier is transmitted to and radiated by antenna.

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FREQUENCY HOPPING (3)

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
Transmitting

Information Modulation

Up Conversion

Synchronous Circuit

Frequency Hopping Sequence Generator

Variable Frequency Synthesizer

Receiving

Information Demodulation

Down Conversion

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ZTE University
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