Chapter 2

MATTER
Is anything that occupies space and has mass Exists in 3 states: gaseous, liquid, and solid

ENERGY
The capacity to do work or move matter Kinetic (active) Potential (stored) Forms: chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

Elements and atoms

112-116 elements Four elements that make up 96% living matter:
x carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Atomic structure
3 subatomic particles:
x proton (+), electron(-), neutron

A molecule is the smallest unit resulting from the binding of 2 or more atoms If the atoms are different, a molecule of a compound is formed Compounds exhibit properties different from those of the atoms they comprise

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ` Include water, salts, acids, and bases ` Water: most abundant compound in the body
Acts as universal solvent Basis of transport and lubricating fluids Slowly absorbs and releases heat; helps to maintain homeostatic body temperature Acts as a cushion to protect certain body structures

SALTS: ` Involved in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, transport of oxygen by hemoglobin, cell permeability, metabolism ` Calcium salts (as bone salts) contribute to bone hardness

ACIDS: ` Are proton donors ` Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water BASES: ` Are proton acceptors ` Bicarbonate ions re important bases in the body when bases and acids interact, neutralization occurs

pH 0 Increasing Acidity 1 2 3 4 5 6 NEUTRAL 7 8 Increasing Alkalinity (basicity) 9 10 11 12 13 14

examples

Lemon juice; gastric juice Grapefruit juice Tomato juice (pH 4.2) Coffee Saliva, milk (pH6.5) Distilled water (pH 7), human blood Seawater (pH 8.4) Milk of Magnesia (pH 10.5) Household ammonia (pH 11.5-11.9) Household bleach (pH 12) Oven cleaner (pH 13.5)

 Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 Slight deviations outside this range can be fatal!

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ` Carbon containing. Examples:

carbohydrates Lipids Proteins nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES (CH O):

Are ingested as sugars and starches Are glucose

LIPIDS:
Include triglycerides found in adipose tissue where they provide insulation and reserve body fuel Phospholipids and cholesterol are found in cell membranes Cholesterol: also a basis of certain hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D

PROTEIN:
Constructed from building blocks called amino acids

ENZYMES:
Increase the rate of chemical reaction

NUCLEIC ACID:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) maintains genetic heritage RNA (ribonucleic acid) ensures that the instructions of the DNA are executed

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

`

Universal energy compound used by all cells of the body