GCSE Geography-Edexcel B

Topic 1
Population Dynamics

Key Words
Birth Rate the number of births per 1000 people in a year Death Rate the number of deaths per 1000 people in a year Migration people changing their place of residence, within or between countries Natural Increase the difference between birth and death rate Natural Change the change (increase or decrease) in population numbers, from the difference between the birth and death rate Zero Population Growth when natural and migration change cancel each other out, no change is the total population Infant Mortality Rate The number of deaths in children (under 11) per 1000 live births a year Population Structure the composition of a population, in terms of age or gender Population Pyramid the diagram way of showing the age and sex of a population Ageing Population a population with a rising average age Youthful Population a population with a high percentage/population of people under 16 Replacement Level the level of fertility where women are only having enough children to replace themselves and their parents in the population Tipping Point the point where the momentum of change becomes unstoppable Population Policies measures taken by the government to influence population size, growth, distribution or composition Pro-Natalist Policies policies which encourage people to have more children Anti-Natalist Policies policies which encourage people to have fewer children

Demographic Transition Model

Population Pyramids

Examples of population structures

Japan Ageing Population Birth rate is low Low death rate High life expectancy Developed country with people moving their to life a civilised life style in their old age People are living longer due to good heath care As a result taxes need to increase to pay for the services needed by the ageing population Fewer workers in the economy Increase in high quality, reliable health care

Mexico Youthful population Birth rate is high Death rate is high Life expectancy is low Birth rate is falling but still a large percentage of young people are living longer Results in an increase in education sites Decrease in work Growth in economy Abortion legalised to lower percentage of abandoned children

Population policies
Pro Natalist = Singapore Anti Natalist = China (One child Policy) Singapore
Policies introduces to encourage large families: Tax relief for parents Encourages large families so couples don t have to pay lots of tax Family allowance for the 1st and 4th children Encourages up to 4 children so they can gain extra money Cheaper mortgages for large families Large families can buy large properties with cheaper mortgages Longer maternity leave Women know that they can go back to their job in the same position as before and not have to worry about taking time off with their children Success: From previous mistakes they made themselves optimistic goals which could be achieved Living conditions improved Less infant mortality Birth rate increased resulting in the population increasing also

Migration
Immigration a person arriving in a country/region to live for at least 1 year Economic migrant a person who moves to find employment Host Country the country which an immigrant is now living in Migration the process of people changing their place of residence Voluntary migration when migrants have decided to move themselves Forced migration when migrants have no choice but to move because of a natural disaster, war, violence and if they star their lives are at risk Emigration a person leaving a country/region to live elsewhere for at least 1 year Source country the country from which an immigrant has moved from

Migration from Jamaica to the UK

The UK encouraged people to migrate to the UK, the Open door policy , to fill up the shortages of workers in the UK after WWII

Positive
Host Source Host Met shortages of Increase in unskilled workers remittances Played important Increase in economy due to role in post war remittances reconstruction Poverty in Ethnic groups Jamaica was cut added to UK by due to work base increase in Ethnic groups economy added to culture

Negative
Source Loss of the best workers Women out numbering men, negative social impacts Birth rate was low Elderly dependents increased Public money spent of meeting the immigrants needs Immigrants added to the burden of the economy when going into recession Social tensions created Segregation

Eastern European countries coming to the UK

Migration policy, skilled based system: Tier 1 Highly skilled workers scientists/entrepreneurs Tier 2 Skilled workers teachers/nurses Tier 3 Low skilled workers-construction workers Tier 4 Students Tier 5 Youth mobility and temporary workers

 Migration from: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia

Push factors
Unemployment (move away to earn a living) Low wages (move away to earn a living ) Ageing labour force Poverty (move away because of bad living conditions ) Poor quality of life

Pull Factors
Job vacancies (come to earn a living) Skill shortage (come as more jobs available) Higher wages (come to earn more money)

Brings both positive and negatives impacts to both source and host country e.g. loss of youthful workers (negative source country), Eastern European workers bring money into the UK s economy (positive host country)

Topic 2
Consuming resources

Key Terms
Finite resource- a resource that is limited or restricted. For example coal, oil and natural gas Black gold- another name for oil because it is such a valuable commodity Oil barrel- the standard unit of measurement of oil. One barrel =approx. 159 litres Ecological footprint- an estimated area of land and water that is needed to supply resources to an individual or a group of people Sustainable development- meeting needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Classifying resources
Resource Tabaco Oil Bananas Water Tea Coal Mangos Wind Coco beans Solar power How it might be useful For people who smoke Heating homes, providing electricity, fuels for transport For feeding people and animals Generate electricity For people to drink, Income for countries supplying it Provides electricity and heating To feed people and bring in income Generates heat and produces electricity To feed people, to provide income for countries supplying it Generates electricity and heats water Renewable/Non-renewable Non-renewable Non-renewable Non-renewable Renewable Non-renewable Non-renewable Non-renewable Renewable Non-renewable Renewable

Defining resources
Natural resource Human resource Material/Capital resource Non-renewable resource Sustainable resource Renewable resource Wood Skills of a population Goods/ Equipment Coal Planting trees Wind

Have s and have not s

The Middle East, has the highest current oil production, but has reached peak oil (when oil reaches it maximum level and then declines) Different countries have different resources, and are not effected by a countries wealth or development Consumption however is down to the wealth of a country e.g. American has less than 5% of the population, but uses 25% of the oil

Oil Supply and Demand

Supply: Saudi Arabia Kuwait Venezuela Demand: USA UK China India

Alternatives to oil
Hydrogen:
Cars which run on electricity produced by combining water and oxygen, reducing oil consumption

Biofuels:
Use plants and trees instead of using oil

Alternate cars:
Companies e.g. Ford releasing cars run on alternate energy sources

Wind power:
Using renewable energy sources in our homes *All of the above will reduce the amount of oil that is used, therefore reducing the demand for oil also*

Population and resource theories

Theory Malthus Boserup That invention is driven by a need to improve/change something therefore when the time comes people would invent solutions to problems they will face He thought revolution such as THE GREEN REVOLUTION where new types of crops are created, would carry on occurring in the future THE GREEN REVOLUTION where we have Genetically Modified our crops to meet our needs . Improved technology means that this is now easier than ever What do they believe? That population grows What is their theory? geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16 etc.) Why do they believe this? and food /resources grow arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4 etc.) He believed there were not enough resources to support the population

Examples to support their Famine-not enough food to theory support a population

Sustainable development
Individual action:
Recycling Using public transport Buying local produce

Corporate action:
When big companies identify goals to improve environmental performance Google Headquarters *Sustainable development, is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations*

Technological Fix-Case Studies

Google:
Free shuttle bus s to a from work Hybrid cars
With free electric vehicles to employees Free charging stations

Solar panels to power the building

Modern recycling:
Separates more rubbish than in recycling Could be used to generate electricity Cheaper than original waste burning Less rubbish is produced in landfills

Topic 3
Living Spaces

Key Terms
Functional attachment-when a place gives you things you need Emotional attachment-involves the emotions, feelings and moods people have about a place Natural process-processes that effect the environmental challenges and opportunities of an area Human process-processes that control the evolution and development of a living space Push factor (stresses)-makes people leave a place Pull factor (strains)- attracts people to a location Green belt-an area of open land around a city, protected from development Brownfield site-a piece of land that has been used/abandoned and is now awaiting use Urban sprawl-urban growth, usually weakly controlled into surrounding rural and semi rural areas Mega city-an urban areas with a population of more than 10,000,000 Global hub-major centre of global communication (train map) Global city-a urban city that has a significant role in controlling international flows of capital and trade Sustainability-the ability to keep something at the same rate/level Eco-towns-new towns developed with a special consideration paid to sustainability Algae farms-with the idea in mind that bio-fuels is a big hope for the future Eco-villages-affordable housing using eco-friendly building methods

Factors effecting how we view living spaces

Age Younger people seek out more variety in their social lives which makes cities more attractive. Older people or those with families then to find rural areas more attractive Personal mobility will affect how isolated we feel. Rural areas tend to have more problems with mobility with a reliance on cars

Mobility

Cultural background

The impacts on how we see places and how attractive we find them

Knowledge and perception

Highlights the idea of a place without people actually knowing the area e.g. crime rates etc

Economic status

Areas that offer job security and deemed more attractive

Factors effecting variations in the quality of life in living spaces

Social factor-crime rates, healthcare, education, disease etc.

Economic factors-access to services, job opportunities, transport links etc.

Political factorsopportunity to vote, freedom to vote and movement

Environmental factor-available of water, soil fertility, likelihood of hazards etc.

Gentrification
Gentrification-when wealthier people move into an area and carry out house improvements. The improves the quality and condition of local housing, increasing the price
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. People move into an area Increased demand for resources of a high quality Provision for high quality goods and services Further development of an area Possibility of poorer population being pushed out

Social of multiple deprivation-affects poor estates. Richer people can afford to live elsewhere, causing social segregation

Migration in LEDC s and MEDC s

Urban High densities of people Good public transport systems High number of services Good education and health care High speed broadband access Very high densities of people May live in illegal settlements e.g. slums Some services in central areas Formal and informal employment Some public transport Rural Fewer shops and services Lower density of transport links High levels of car ownership Quieter Lower speed internet access Very poor public transport Many people employed in agriculture Poverty is common Disease and poor educational facilities Limited or no phone or internet service

MEDC s

LEDC s

Retirement to Spain
Reasons for this:
Warmer climate Low house prices Low heating costs Cheap flights home to see family/friends

Reasons why they move back:

Language barrier Changes in economy means uncertain house prices etc. Different way of life

Increased demand for land

Brings pressure to build on greenfield sites North Wiltshire:
56% of new housing was built on greenfield sites

Cities are like magnets and draw people in, so therefore puts pressure on the standard of living Las Vegas:
The urban sprawl has occurred and demand for housing is huge Building on surrounding countryside, ruining the environment, even transporting the goods to Las Vegas Consumes more water per person than anywhere else in the world Urban Heat Island Effect

Making living spaces sustainable

City Barcelona (Spain) How they are an example of sustainability Created a scheme called bicing; , similar to London bike riding scheme encouraging people to ride a bike to work instead of taking a car When the Soviet Union collapsed they lost their main food supplier so had to grow their own food, so used all the available land they had in the city Uses geo-thermal energy as their heating system, and using it as their energy source with 0.1% of energy coming from fossil fuels Claims to be the first zero-carbon, zero-waste city, being environmentally sustainable while still trying to battle the extreme climate

Havana (Cuba)

Reykjavik (Iceland)

Masdar (United Arab Emirates)

Topic 4
Making a living

Key terms
Primary industry-the extraction of raw materials form the land or sea e.g. farming, mining, fishing Secendory industry-the manufacturing of goods using raw materials e.g. car manufacturing, textiles Tertiary industry-the provision of services e.g. teacher, doctor, lawyer Quaternary industry-high tech service industries e.g. consultation, research, development or working in labs Employment structure-the proportion of people working in the different industries in a country MEDC-more economically developed country LEDC-less economically developed country NIC-newly industrialised country Industrialisation-the process that changes pre-industrial country's to industrialised ones De-industrialisation-decline in the secondary industry and a growth in the tertiary and quaternary Urbanisation-movement of people to towns and cities Informal economy-all economic activity that falls outside the formal economy Diversification-creating more variety of jobs and industry Post production countryside-how the country side s Green sector-jobs connected with making a sustainable environmental future

Representing population structures

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

The Clark Fisher Model

Pre-industrial stage Country Main type of industry Explanation Britain before 1700 Kenya Primary Primary most important

Industrial stage Britain after 1850 Brazil Secondary Manufacturing industries start to develop, so secondary grows as well as tertiary STAGE 2/3

Post-industrial stage Britain in 1950s Germany Tertiary Tertiary becomes more important, secondary starts to die away STAGE 4/5

Links to DTM

STAGE 1

Industrialisation and De-industrialisation

Industrialisation is a good way of measuring how industrialised a country is De-industrialisation is a decline in manufacturing and a growth in tertiary and quaternary Reasons for de-industrialisation:
Reduced demand for traditional products due to technology Greater competition for countries like China and India Mechanisation has increased productivity and reduced the number of workers needed

Case study s of an industrialising country

Mexico (industrialising):
Originally mainly agriculture (primary) Moved to secondary so more people have moved to urban areas Manufacturing was attracted here because:

Large highly skilled workforce Large consumer markets Low distribution costs Close to the governments who make the final decisions

Re-export businesses have appeared close to the USA border, resulting in a growth in the informal sector

Case study of a de-industrialising place

Glasgow (Scotland):
Originally jobs were in manufacturing but then the situation changed so most jobs are in the service sector Due to the fact there was a lack of investment and innovation leading to growing overseas competition Led to a point of economic decline and deindustrialisation, resulting in high unemployment, population decline and poor health The decline led to a growth in service industries e.g. retail, finance and tourism Now turned to art as its main heritage to attract both visitors and jobs

Diversification in the countryside

Challenges that the countryside faces:
Lack of transport links Lack of affordable housing due to gentrification Change in farming, getting products for abroad Disappearance of local services Local depopulation Worthy Farm, Glastonbury (into Glastonbury festival) Changing into B&B s Animal farms Farm shops

Farms that have had to diversify are:

Environmental, Economic and Social impacts of de-industrilisation and diversification in the UK

Economic impacts Shipbuilding industry had declined Personal income loss Loss of taxes Rising demand for income support People s spending power decreases Social impacts e.g. Glasgow Family breakdown Alcoholism and crime Permanent unemployment Environmental impacts Positives More available land Less water used in industry Less energy for machinery Reduced traffic congestion Reduced noise and air pollution Negatives Derelict land Empty factory buildings Goods manufacture d further away

Impacts of employment change in different countries

Mexico s growth in the manufacturing industry:
Air pollution Higher demand for fresh water Water polluted by chemicals dumped into rivers Waste disposal systems cant cope

Mumbai (India) developing economy:

Attracting migrants to the developed economies, becoming over populated Making it an ECONOMIC HUB Brings mainly good effects, as it attracts large bussinesses

Regeneration of brownfield sites

Negatives of the regeneration of brownfield sites:
Often more expensive to redevelop Regulations for reclaiming the sites can often be a barrier to new development Some sites can be important wildlife habitats

Fort Dunlop (Birmingham)

Used to be factories but in 2002 was refurbished and turned into a multi use sustainable 24hr community centre

Green employment
Green employment attempts to improve the air and water quality and improve the environment e.g:
Making green products Constructing green buildings Offering green services Quaternary services (architects constructing green buildings)

Examples in more detail:

Eco-tourism (Ayers Rock) try's to respect the environment and local people but reduce the impacts of tourists e.g. high cost, low income Recycling (Brazil) introduced separation and recycling of its waste, makes money when sold onto factories which funds social programmes e.g. schooling

Topic 5
Changing cities

Key Terms
Eco-footprint-a measure of how much land is needed to provide for a place Sphere of infulence-an area that has a significant culture, economic, military or political influence Carrying capacity-the maximum number of people who can be supported in a given area Landfill sites-where local authorities and industry take waste to be buried Incineration-where waste is burnt which in turn can produce electricity Food miles-the distance food travels from source to plate Farmers Markets-a set of stalls usually in a town or city run by farmers and food growers from the local area

Activities and their environmental impacts

Activity Producing Electricity Nuclear Power Industry Household waste Oil Agricultural chemicals Contaminated Water Noise Pollution Pollutes the air Threatens land, air and water because of possible risk of the escape of radioactivity Chemical industry's add to environmental pollution. Water polluted Burying in landfills, risks chemicals leaking into water systems Air pollution from burning it, and using it in cars, also pollution comes with health risks Fertilisers etc. could end up in our food and water Polluted water through, agriculture, rubbish, houses. Threatens wildlife Cities noise pollution from industry, construction and traffic Effect

Variations in eco-footprints
Eco footprints vary due to many reasons:
Type of transport used e.g. walk or take the bus Higher incomes in the population
More people can afford to holiday abroad, expensive products and food

Footprints also vary between countries:

In the DEVELOPED WORLD people consume, import, spend, travel more In the DEVELOPING WORLD people consume, import, own and use less e.g. electricity This is mainly due to the income of the country/person

In rural and urban areas in a country the footprints vary due to the reasons at the top of the page

City s footprints expanding beyond its boundary

City s footprints expand past their boundaries due to many things:
Waste
A city produces so much waste that there is not enough space to dispose of it in the city

Energy
Energy is created outside the city s boundary and transferred into the city centre

Food
Transported from farms outside the city or from other countries SOLUTION buy from farmers markets, or grow your own

Water
Comes from outside the City s area

*LONDON IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF ALL THE ABOVE, USE AS A CASE STUDY*

Urban Sprawl
The Urban Sprawl is the outward growth of a community e.g. LAS VEGAS This boosts a places eco-footprint due to the fact that:
More houses and other buildings will be created More services e.g. shops, schools, hospitals More transport links More jobs

HOWEVER the further out people live the further they have to commute meaning a higher CARBON FOOTPRINT

How is London reducing it s energy consumption?

Encouraged recycling Congestion charge-encourages people to use public transport Bus lanes-speed up journeys Improving the underground-speeds up journeys Cycle lanes and Bike Hiring schemes Greater London Low Emissions Zone encouraged people to invest in low emission vehicles

Case Study of a Eco-community

BedZed (the largest carbon-neutral community in the UK) It has been built on reclaimed land and focus's on social and environmental sustainability as well as energy conservation Reduces water usage Reduces amount of electricity used Heats homes using large windows facing the sun and cools homes down with wind tunnels

BedZed a sustainable solution for London?

Places like BedZed in Greater Croydon (London) add the to sustainability of London and help to lower their eco-footprint They provide London with ideas of how to lower its eco-footprint which in turn help with the sustainability of London The Urban designs also reduce energy demand and have started to be used more frequently in newly built buildings and homes

London reducing its waste

London has started charging for every tonne of waste dumped in landfill sites More waste is now being recycled but only recycles apporx 10% and could recycle 80% Recycles more than before, for example furniture and batteries Recycling bins next to rubbish bins in shopping centres and on the streets in the city centre

Green Consumer behaviour

Green consumerism involves buying products which don t harm the environment Ways we can do this are:
Channing shopping behaviour
Buying from farmers markets Buying products from the UK

Transport policies
Car sharing Using public transport

Practising the 3 R s
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Using your own plastic bags

Attempts to reduce city s ecofootprints

For people it will be that on the previous slide as well as things such as:
Cutting back on electricity Holidaying at home

Government action could include:

Promoting public transport Traffic management Promoting green modes of transport Urban gardens Sustainable energy management Urban design Waste management (fine for not recycling, encouraging less packaging of foods to reduce the amount of waste produced)

Topic 8
World of Work

Key Terms
Trans national company (TNC)-companies which operate in more than one country Global shift-the movement of manufacturing from the developed to the developing world which offers cheaper labour Production chain-the sequence of activities needed to turn raw materials into finished products Outsourcing-when a company sub contracts part of its business to another country Saturation of markets-when everyone has bought a product then there will be very limited future sales, unless the product is improved Teleworking-any form of work in which telecommunications replace work related travel New economy-production of knowledge, ideas and services, human resources important, risky, activities attracted to electronic networks, e.g. jobs in ICT, TV, equal male and female employment Old economy-production of manufactured goods, industry attracted to raw materials, power supple, cheap labour etc, e.g. iron, steel, textiles, mainly male employment Sustainability-the ability to keep something going at the same rate/ level

What is the new economy and how does it function?

Includes primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs

Winners

TNC Case Study-Dyson

Winners Losers

Winners

TNC Case Study-Primark

Outsourcing

Case Study of Outsourcing-BT

Why have they outsourced:
Indian call centres are 40% cheaper Call centre workers earn less money each week Indians speak good English
Advantages India GDP has grown Drop in infant mortality Gender inequalities reduced Been a 40% cost saving Increases the UK s GDP (as there is more tax being paid by the company) Disadvantages Call workers have to put up with angry customers Time difference means working unsociable hours 1000 workers were fired from the old Newcastle call centre Aviva shed 900 jobs, other companies shed 50,000

UK

Changing employment and the effects

Developed world
Deindustrialisation Decline in agriculture However job losses in primary and secondary have been made up by new jobs in tertiary and quaternary Four groups of activity have become important in the postindustrial era (found now on the urban fringe)
Industrial estates Shopping complex's Business parks Science parks

Case study:
Closure of the Guinness Factory (de-industrialisation) Decline of the traditional industries (Western Isles, Scotland) Development of the tertiary and quaternary industries (Southampton science park)

Changing employment and the effects

Developing world:
Economy centred around primary industry Seeing an increase in agribusiness (land used to produced fruit and veg and flowers for the European market) Increase in manufacturing industries Development of the tourist industry

Case study's:
Agribusiness (Kenya) Made in China growth of manufacturing in China Growth of tourism (Kenya)

Changes in the workforce

Changes include:
Equal opportunities (MEDC s) Part-time working Outsourcing Global shift in manufacturing Health and safety Shorter working days Minimum wage Teleworking Women in workforce Flexible working hours

The development of technology not only produces new jobs, but new ways of working

Sustainability
Most developed countries are guilty of exploiting the developing countries (is this morally sustainable?) Overexploiting the environment for out economic gain The two points above are not sustainable and put pressure on the planet