What we have covered so far: Petroleum & Natural Gas. Fractional Distillation of Petroleum.

m. Naming the different fractions and their uses. Homologous Series.

Homologous Series - Alkanes

Naming Structure Properties

Reactions

A homologous series is a family of organic molecule with a general formula and similar properties.

 All alkanes end with ane. Examples: methane meth - 1 C ethane eth - 2 C propane prop - 3 C

No. of C in one molecule 1 2 3 4 5 6

Chemical Name methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane

Molecular Formula CH4 C 2H 6 C 3H 8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14

Relative Molecular Mass

16 30 44 58 72 86

The general formula for alkane is CnH2n+2

When no. of C = 1 n=1 no. of H = 4 When no. of C = 2 n=2 no. of H = 6 When no. of C = 3 n=3 no. of H = 8 When no. of C = 4 n=4 no. of H = 10

H H C H H H

H C H Electron from H Electron from C H

Methane

Pg 417 of TB & pg 164, 165 of notes

Draw the structures for propane and pentane.

No. of C in one molecule 1 2 3 4 5 6

Chemical Name methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane

Boiling Points - 162 - 89 - 42 - 0.5 36 69

 What do you notice about the boiling points as you go down the column in Table 2? Can you predict the states of matter of all the six alkanes at room condition given that the room temperature is 250C?

 The boiling points of the alkane the number of carbon atoms increase. methane to butane gases (b.p. < 25 0C) pentane to hexane liquids (b.p. > 25 0C)

as

 Density is equivalent to the mass per unit volume. As the molecular size of the alkanes increases, the density of the alkanes increases.

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 Viscosity refers to the ability to flow. The more viscous the substance is, the more difficult for it to flow. As the molecular size increases, the intermolecular force increases, hence increases the viscosity of alkanes.

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 Flammability refers to the ability to burn. As the molecular size increases, the less flammable the molecule. Molecules which are less flammable would produce a smokier flame due to incomplete combustion of alkanes.

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 C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O What is wrong with this equation? Can somebody correct it and write the word equation as well?
propane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

C3H8 + 5O2
Pg 420 of TB & pg 166 of notes

3CO2 + 4H2O

 CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl This reaction is called substitution reaction. Presence of light necessary. The product is called organic halogen compound. CH3Cl chloromethane
Pg 420 of TB & pg 167 of notes

1) Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. 2) The boiling points of alkanes increases as the number of carbon atom increases. 3) Alkanes burn in air to give CO2 and H2O 4) Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with Cl.

Exercise
Complete pg 302 0f your textbook Teacher will go through the answer when school reopen.

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Today.. We covered:
1) Alkanes Naming, structure and general formula. 2) Covalent bonding in alkanes. 3) Changes in boiling points of alkanes as no. of C atoms increases. 4) Combustion of alkanes 5) Substitution reaction of alkanes.

Alkenes
Formula Structure Reactions