By Rajeev Roushan

C.I (C&W) / IRIMEE

Classification Of Rly. Lines

 Group-A Group Group-B Group Group-C GroupGroup-D Group-E
Sanctioned speed-160 kmph speedSanctioned speed-130 kmph speedSuburban sections of DLI,KOL,MAS,MUMBAI

Sanctioned speed-100 kmph

Less than 100 kmph

TRACK STRUCTURE
 Formation  Ballast  Sleepers & Fastenings  Rails

Track Structure

FORMATION
 distributes the wt. of train, track and ballast over natural ground.  facilitates good drainage .  provides a smooth and regular surface on which the ballast and track can be laid.  It is affected by base failure, ballast puncturing due to heavy rain and muddiness.

Track Formation

Ballast

Ballast

Ballast

BALLAST
 It absorbs noise, shocks, vibrations and distributes the load transmitted by the wheels over the formation.  Controls the lateral and longitudinal movement of track.  Cushion Ballast 300 mm.  Shoulder ballast 400 mm in F/ Plated track & SWR , 350 mm on straight and inside of curve of LWR and 500 mm on outside of curve of LWR.  Crib ballast controls longitudinal movement.  Inadequate quantity of ballast may cause BUCKLING of track, leading to Derailment

Sleeper density
 The sleeper density is the number of sleepers used per rail length.  Described as M+1, M+2, M+3 etc. Where M is the length of standard rail in meters.  In case of LWR/CWR, this is expressed in number of sleeper per Km of track.  Sleeper density depends upon max. permissible speed and traffic density.

Types of Sleepers
 Wooden Sleepers  Cast Iron Sleepers  Steel Sleepers  Concrete Sleepers

Canted Bearing plate

Cast Iron Sleepers

Type of Cast Iron Sleepers: Sleepers: A) C. I. Pot Sleepers B) C S T- 9 Sleepers TAdvantages of Cast Iron Sleepers: i) Lesser corrosion. ii) Easy handling due to light weight. iii) Higher Scrap value.

Pot sleeper

CSTCST-9 Sleeper

ST Sleeper

ST Sleepers with loose jaws

Concrete Sleepers & Fastenings

Types of concrete Sleepers: Sleepers: i)Monoi)Mono-block Prestressed Concrete Sleepers. a) PSC-12 for 52 Kg Rails PSCb) PSC-14 for 60 Kg Rails PSCii) Two block reinforced concrete Sleepers.

SLLEEPER & FASTENINGS

 Holding rails to correct gauge and alignment.  Transferring load evenly from the rails to ballast.  Provides lateral and longitudinal stability to permanent way.  Sleeper density M+7  Wooden sleeper - dog spikes, round spikes.  Steel trough sleeper - loose jaws, keys.  CST-9 cotter (4), keys (2), pots (2), tie bar (1). CST Concrete sleeper - rubber pad, liner, pandrol clip.

Rail

RAILS
 The rails provide continuous and level surface for movement of trains.  Transmitting load to formation vide sleepers, rails.  Rail head, web, foot, fishing angle, height of rail.  IRS-52 kg-710-TISCO-II 1991 IRS- kg-710-TISCOOB  ( grade) (open hearth basic process)

ESSENTIALS TERMS
 Fish plated track  SWR- (short welded rail)- the rails are SWRrail)welded into 3 rail lengths to make SWR.  LWR-(Long welded rail)- It is a welded rail LWRrail)the central part of which does not undergo any longitudinal movement due to temperature variations. A length greater than 250 m should function LWR.  CWR-(continuous welded rail) CWRcombination of LWR. Length one block section.

 Gauge The distance between the two running edges of left and right rails is known as Gauge.  Cross level The relative difference in the height of left and right rail at a given point on the track is known as Cross level (on straight track). Not more than 2 mm sleeper to sleeper (Maintenance), Service - 4 mm  Twist Algebraic difference of cross level per meter is known as Twist.  Alignment  Unevenness

Gauge

 Creep The longitudinal movement of rails in the track is called Creep.  Buckling It occurs when very high compressive forces are created in the rails.  USFD of Rail OBS,REM,IMR  Distressing

Traffic Density GMT/yr > 20 10-20

Broad-gauge Routes and their Rail Weights A 60kg 60kg B 60kg 60kg 52kg 90UTS C 60kg 60kg 52kg 90UTS D Spl 60kg 60kg 52kg 90UTS 52kg 90UTS or 60kg SH D 60kg 60kg 52kg 90UTS 52kg 90UTS or 60kg SH E Spl 60kg 60kg 52kg 90UTS 52kg 90UTS or 60kg SH E 60kg 52kg 90UTS 52kg 90UTS 52kg 90UTS or 60kg SH

5-10

60kg

<5

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

Loop Lines

52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH

'SH' = Second-hand

Traffic Density GMT/yr

Broad-gauge Routes and their Sleeper Densities

A B C D Spl D E Spl E

> 20

1660

1660

1660

1660

1660

1660

1660

10-20

1660

1660

1660

1660

1660

1660

1540

< 10

1660

1540

1540

1540

1540

1540

1540

Loop Lines

1340

1340

1340

1340

1340

1340

1340

Manual Maintenance of Track

 Through Packing  Systematic overhauling - Through Packing & - Shallow Screening  Slack Picking  Deep screening

 Directed track Maintenance - Other than Routine Work  Track RenewalsRenewals- TRR (P/S) - CTR(P/S) -TSR(P/S) Mechanized Maintenance Of Track TTM,BCM,DTS etc.

CURVE
 1.

2. 3.

4.

DefDef-It is defined either by radius or by its degree. Degree of a curve - It is the angle subtended at its centre by a chord of 30.5 m. It is defined by D. D=1750/R Where = radius in meter. Versine - V = 125 C2/R mm. C=chord in meter, R= radius in meter Super elevation or cant Difference in height between outer and inner rail on a curve . Functions are (i) to have a better distribution of load on both rails. (ii) to reduce the wear and tear of rails and rolling stock. (iii) to neutralize the effect of lateral forces. Max cant 165 mm (A,B,C) & D,E 140 mm Equilibrium speed speed at which the effect of centrifugal force is exactly balanced by the cant provided.

How to measure Versine

Curve
 Cant deficiency It occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed higher than the equilibrium speed. Cd= theoretical cant required actual cant provided. Max. Cant deficiency 75mm  Cant excess It occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed lower than the equilibrium speed. Ca = actual cant provided theoretical cant required .Max. Cant excess 75mm

Transition Curve

Transition Curve
 Objectives to decrease the radius of curvature gradually from infinity at the straight to that of circular curve to help the vehicle to negotiate a curve smoothly.  to provide a gradual increase of the super elevation.  to enable the vehicles to negotiate a curve smoothly due to gradual increase or decrease of centrifugal forces.  V = 0.27(Ca+Cd) * R , V=Velocity  e = GV2/127R, e = Super elevation

Calculation of super elevation

 e = (Eq. Speed/10)2 X Degree/13 (Cm)  For 10 curve & 100 kmph speed section  e = (75/10)2 X1/13 =4.32 cm=43.2 mm

Points & Crossing

 Turnout It is an of Pts &Xing's with lead rails by means of which rolling stock may be diverted from one track to another track.  Stock rail It is a running rail against which a tongue rail operates.  Tongue rail It is tapered movable rail made of high carbon or manganese steel to withstand wear.  Switch A pair of tongue and stock rails with necessary connections and fittings.

 Points A pair of tongue rails with their stock rails.  Crossing A crossing is a device introduced at the junction where two rails across to permit the wheel flange of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to another track.

Crossing

Diamond Crossing