Presented by:

Medina, Christine Mercado, Hiyasmin Joy Moises, Jemerson Mugol, Charmayne Panganiban, Joanna Grace Vega, Maoriz Anne

A supplementary or accessory part of a bodily organ or structure. The appendix is a small, tubelike structure in the lower right portion of the abdomen; it is attached to the first part of the colon (large intestine).

Scientists have long struggled to figure out its function for some time, and the appendix is generally considered to be a vestigial structure, or one that no longer retains its original evolutionary function. Scientists recently proposed that the appendix serves as a reservoir for healthy bacteria.

is an inflammation of the appendix. It is the most common acute surgical emergency situation involving the belly. Appendicitis begins when the normally hollow inner part of the appendix becomes blocked, then slowly grows inflamed and infected.

Once it starts, appendicitis is considered an emergency. With prompt treatment, usually surgery to remove the appendix, most patients recover. If treatment is delayed, however, the appendix can burst, causing infection and even death.

The most serious complication of appendicitis is rupture, which can lead to peritonitis (a dangerous infection that occurs asbacteria and other contents of the torn appendix leak into the abdomen) and abscess (a swollen mass filled with fluid and bacteria).

Acute appendicitis is the most common type. It develops over the course of a few days or less, can be easily diagnosed, and usually requires immediate surgery to remove the appendix.

Recurrent appendicitis is a type of appendicitis that is like acute appendicitis but gets better on its own, then recurs. This pattern is uncommon

Chronic appendicitis is a type of appendicitis that develops more slowly, has less pronounced symptoms, and is more difficult to diagnose. Chronic appendicitis does not always require surgery but may require ongoing treatment for chronic inflammation of the appendix. It is sometimes termed grumbling appendicitis, and accounts for 1%2% of all cases of appendicitis

Most commonly, feces blocks the inside of the appendix. The appendix may also be squeezed and obstructed from the outside if infections in the intestine cause swelling oflymph nodes (known as lymphoid hyperplasia). Traumatic injury to the abdomen may lead to appendicitis in a small number of people Hereditary

Pain in the abdomen. It often starts first around the belly button, then moving to the lower right area. loss of appetite nausea vomiting

constipation or diarrhea inability to pass gas low-grade fever and chills abdominal swelling elevated white blood cell count

McBurney's point (1) is sometimes where appendix pain settles. It is in the right lower abdomen, two-thirds of the way from the navel (2) to the tip of the hipbone (3).

P.E are tenderness (pain when touched) and guarding (the tensing of abdominal muscles when touched). Psoas sign and obuturator sign Blood test Imaging results

 Appendectomy Laparoscopic

appendectomy

There is no known way to prevent appendicitis. Some doctors think that high-fiber dietsthose with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grainsreduce the chances a person will develop appendicitis.

is the surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. This procedure is normally performed as an emergency procedure, when the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis.

In the absence of surgical facilities, intravenous antibiotic s are used to delay or avoid the onset of sepsis; it is now recognized that many cases will resolve when treated nonoperatively

Appendectomy may be performed laparoscopically (thi s is called minimally invasive surgery) or as an open operation. Laparoscopy is often used if the diagnosis is in doubt, or if it is desirable to hide the scars in the umbilicus or in the pubic hair line.

Antibiotics are given immediately if there are signs of sepsis, otherwise a single dose of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics is given immediately prior to surgery. General anaesthesia is induced, with endotracheal intubation and full muscle relaxation, and the patient is positioned supine.

The abdomen is prepared and draped and is examined under anesthesia. If a mass is present, the incision is made over the mass; otherwise, the incision is made over McBurney's point, one third of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the umbilicus; this represents the position of the base of the appendix (the position of the tip is variable).

The various layers of the abdominal wall are then opened. The effort is always to preserve the integrity of abdominal wall. Therefore, the External Oblique Aponeurosis is slitted along its fiber, and the internal oblique muscle is split along its length, not cut. As the two run at right angles to each other, this prevents laterIncisional hernia.

On entering the peritoneum, the appendix is identified, mobilized and then ligated and divided at its base. Some surgeons choose to bury the stump of the appendix by inverting it so it points into the caecum. Each layer of the abdominal wall is then closed in turn.

The skin may be closed with staples or stitches. The wound is dressed. The patient will be brought to the recovery room

Recovery time from the operation varies from person to person. Some will take up to three weeks before being completely active; for others it can be a matter of days.

In the case of a laparoscopic operation, the patient will have three stapled scars of about an inch in length, between the navel and pubic hair line. When a laparotomy has been performed the patient will have a 2-3 inch scar, which will initially be heavily bruised

Appendicitis symptoms usually start with severe pain in the area around the navel and then usually moving toward the lower right abdomen where the appendix is located. Usually, the pain starts off mild and becomes increasingly more severe and sharper as time passes.

The appendix may rupture within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms--individuals may feel a release of pain and pressure as the appendix ruptures. It is important to contact your health care provider immediately if this happens.

Severe abdominal ache is not the only symptom. Other common symptoms associated with a ruptured appendix include feelings of nausea accompanied by occasional vomiting, appetite loss and a mild, dull fever that appears shortly after the initial symptoms of pain and nausea.

During the actual rupturing of the appendix, some might experience a brief lessening of pain. However, shortly afterward the lining of the abdominal cavity starts to become inflamed and infected (which is called peritonitis) and the pain starts to get worse again. Again, contact your health care provider if you experience this set of symptoms.

After the ruptured appendix occurs, the person might experience other symptoms. Some of these symptoms include severe digestive issues, body chills, fever, vomiting, nausea, shakiness or tremors, and appetite loss. These symptoms are usually accompanied by the aforementioned intense abdominal aching.

A ruptured appendicitis requires medical (surgical) treatment. If you are experiencing moderate to severe abdominal pain that has steadily increased in intensity and does not come and go, have fever, chills, nausea or vomiting, contact your health care provider immediately.