ENGR. JOMER V. CATIPON jvcatipon@yahoo.

com 0928 6654227

Introduction
y Virtually everything in the world can be described via a waveform - a

function of time, space or some other variable. y For instance, sound waves, electromagnetic fields, the elevation of a hill versus location, the price of your favorite stock versus time, etc. y The Fourier Transform gives us a unique and powerful way of viewing these waveforms.

One of the Fundamental Secrets of the Universe All waveforms, no matter what you scribble or observe in the universe, are actually just the sum of simple sinusoids of different frequencies.

All waveforms, no matter what you scribble or observe in the universe, are actually just the sum of simple sinusoids of different frequencies.

Example: What is the frequency of the following waveform?

Its hard to tell

Because it isn't periodic over the plotted region.

lets break down the waveform in the figure above into its 'building blocks' or into it's frequencies. This decomposition can be done with a Fourier transform (or Fourier series for periodic waveforms).

The first component is a sinusoidal wave with period T= 6.28 amplitude 0.3, as shown below.

2 and

Original waveform

First fundamental frequency

The second frequency will have a period half as long as the first (twice the frequency).

The figure below shows the sum of the first two frequencies compared to the original waveform.

The original waveform

The sum of the first two Fundamental frequencies

Note: that the sum of the first two frequencies is starting to look like the original waveform.

The third frequency component is 3 times the frequency as the first.

The sum of the first 3 components are shown below:

The original waveform

The sum of the first three Fundamental frequencies

The fourth fundamental frequency:

Original waveform compared with the first four frequency components (overlapped).

NOTE: this is true for all waveforms. This goes for TV signals, cell phone signals, the sound waves that travel when you speak. In general, waveforms are not made up of a discrete number of frequencies, but rather a continuous range of frequencies.

What does FOURIER SERIES do? y The Fourier Series breaks down a periodic function into the sum of sinusoidal functions. What is a periodic function? y A function is periodic, with fundamental period T, if the following is true for all t: f(t+T)=f(t) this means that the a function of time with period T will have the same value in T seconds as it does now, no matter when you observe the function. Note that: a periodic function with fundamental period T is also periodic with period 2*T. So the fundamental period is the value of T (greater than zero) that is the smallest possible T for which equation the equation f(t+T)=f(t) is always true.

EXAMPLE: A periodic waveform

Note: The square waveform has a fundamental period of T.

WHO DEVELOPED FOURIER TRANSFORM?

y On the 21 st of March 1768 the remarkable scientist Jean-Baptistey y y y

Joseph Fourier was born. This man would later on in his life have a great part of the development of science. Joseph Fourier was fascinated with heat and conducted research in the field of flow of heat in solid bodies. In 1815 he, with lots of resistance, published the report: "Th eorie analytique de la chaleur" or in English: "The analytical theory of heat", which includes all his work in the field of the Fourier Transform. The Fourier Transform is today utilized in a large amount of scientifical areas, and among them radar, speaker verification and medical science can be found. Even today, the Fourier Transform and the Fourier Analysis is complex subject, met with lots of uneasiness, nevertheless, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier is one of the last millenniums greatest mathematicians.

DEFINITION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM The Fourier series of a function f(t) with period 2L is defined as:

The constants an, bn are the coefficients of the Fourier Series. These determine the relative weights for each of the sinusoids.

The question now is:

y For an arbitrary periodic function f(t) - how closely can we approximate

this function with simple sinusoids, each with a period some integer multiple of the fundamental period? That is, for a given periodic function f(t), how closely can the function g(t) approximate f(t)?

Answer: y we can approximate f(t) exactly whenever f(t) is continuous and 'smooth'. y In real life, all functions are continuous and smooth, so for the practicing engineer or physicist, all periodic functions can be exactly represented by Fourier Series.

Note that if we want to solve for the Fourier transform of a given function, we have to determine the value of the following:
It would be easier to solve for ao, an and bn if we know odd and even functions. This will somehow simplify the solution.

Even and Odd Functions

y Even Functions

A function is even if the following property holds for all t: f(t) = f(-t) Example:
Note: An even function is a function that has the same value at (+t ) as it does at (-t), that is we say that it is symmetric about t=0. All of the cosine functions in the Fourier Series cos (2 nt/T) are even.

Even and Odd Functions

y Odd Functions

In gneral, a function is odd if the following property holds for all t: f(t) = -f(-t) EXAMPLE:
NOTE: An odd function is a function that has the negative of the value at (+t) as it does at (-t)that is , the function f(t) is the reflection of f(-t). All of the sine functions in the Fourier Series sin(2 nt/T) are odd functions.

Some properties of odd and even functions

y The quotient of two even functions is an even function. y The quotient of two odd functions is an even function. y The quotient of an even function and an odd function is an odd y y y y y y y

function. The derivative of an even function is odd. The derivative of an odd function is even. The composition of two even functions is even, and the composition of two odd functions is odd. The composition of an even function and an odd function is even. The composition of any function with an even function is even (but not vice versa). The integral of an odd function from A to +A is zero (where A is finite, and the function has no vertical asymptotes between A and A). The integral of an even function from A to +A is twice the integral from 0 to +A (where A is finite, and the function has no vertical asymptotes between A and A).

Some properties of odd and even functions

y The only function which is both even and odd is the constant function

which is identically zero (i.e., f(x) = 0 for all x). y The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd, unless one of the functions is identically zero. y The sum of two even functions is even, and any constant multiple of an even function is even. y The sum of two odd functions is odd, and any constant multiple of an odd function is odd. (the most important properties to FS are: ) y The product of two even functions is an even function. y The product of two odd functions is an even function. y The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.

As a result of these facts, If f(t) is odd, then a0 = 0, this is because the areas under the integral to be added will just cancel out.

if a function f(t) is odd, then all of the an coefficients in the Fourier Series will be zero. This is because there can be no even functions in the Fourier Series.
Odd f(t) X even Cos term = odd function an will have value only if f(t) is even

Similarly, if the function f(t) is even, then all of the bn coefficients will be zero.
Even f(t) X odd sin term = odd function bn will have value only if f(t) is odd

EXAMPLE: Find the Fourier series of: 1, if 0 <t < f(t) = 0, if t = 0, +/-1 if - < t < 0 And f(t) = f(t + 2 ) for all t

ANSWER: Given First, look at the statement f(t) = f(t + 2 ) for all t This means that the function is periodic (or is repeated) every 2 Or that is the period T = 2L = 2 , making L= Next, sketch the waveform:
1 Note that: the graph is an odd function. when we rotate the graph 180 degrees, the function remains the same or we say that the left side is the negative of what is at the right.

-1

Then using the coefficient formula with L = ,

By inspection, a0 = 0 because f(t) is odd

By inspection, an = 0 for any value of n 1 because f(t) is odd and Cos term is even. Odd X Even is an odd function.

By inspection, Odd X odd is an even function. Solving would lead to: bn = 0 if n is even and bn = 4/n if n is odd

Thus the Fourier series is:

Sf(x) =

(4/n )sin nt

n odd

FOURIER SERIES OF SIX COMMON TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORMS

http://www.dspguide.com/ch13/4.htm

SEATWORK: Find the Fourier transform of the following:

1.

f(t) = 3 if 0 < t < 1 -3 if -1 <t < 0

2.

END