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Pollution
Water is precious
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y y
Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. Only a small fraction (about 3%) is fresh water.
Water Resources
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Groundwater These are the two types of water resources that pollution affects
2.
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It means one or more substances have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted.
Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers Such aquifers show a higher than acceptable level of nitrate content
Industry
An example of Point source of pollution
Agro industries their wastes have high concentration of dissolved organic matter Can you name any Agro Industry? sugar, food processing, pulp and paper, distilleries Chemical Industries If their wastes are not treated properly, the chemicals can destroy our soil and water resources.
Petroleum refining water used in the process needs to be Name some Chemical separated from all the oil before releasing it into industries naturebut is that done?? Minamata
disease
Causes of pollution
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Most water pollution doesn't begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80 percent of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. Water pollution has many different causes and this is one of the reasons why it is such a difficult problem to solve.
1.Pathogens
Agriculture
Fertilizers and pesticides easily dissolve in water. They enter surface water sources through rainwater and irrigation runoff and also percolate into the ground to contaminate groundwater sources.
INCREASED INDUSTRIALISATION
Increase in Population
Clothes we wear dyes and bleaches Paper, paper, paper everywhere Leather bags and shoes Batteries Metal plating Paints Plastics Pharmaceuticals
More Industrialisation
Lifestyle changes Use and throw culture Higher aspirations Change in packaging Disregard for natural resources Inadequate waste management systems
water pollution
Waste dumped in surface water bodies Waste dumped in open landfills toxic materials leach into soil and groundwater Waste burnt air pollutants dissolve in rainwater and pollute surface water sources or seep into ground water aquifers
Idol immersion Paints contain many heavy metals Bathing in holy rivers
More than10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily! During the annual Kumbh Mela, more than a million people take a dip in Allahabad alone!
Oil
Thermal pollution
26% of all water in U.S. is affected by this Up to a point of adding heated water, you can get thermal enrichment Adding more heat, you get thermal pollution
WATER POLLUTION
Natural
Anthropogenic
Chemical
Microbial
Natural pollution
Groundwater in certain areas is rich in some inorganic chemical compounds such as fluorides, arsenic etc.
These chemicals bio accumulate in the body. They are not excreted out of the body easily and if rate of intake is higher than rate of excretion, they accumulate in the body.
Arsenic
In groundwater
Fluoride
In groundwater
Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. Over time this can cause chronic problems and even life threatening diseases.
Fluorosis
Excess fluoride in the body (above 1.5 2 ppm)
Natural pollution
http://www.fannz.org.nz
Skeletal Fluorosis
Dental Fluorosis
Natural pollution
Arsenicosis causes
Liver damage (jaundice, cirrhosis) Vascular disease Cancers of the
liver
lung
kidney
skin
bladder
Chemical
Microbial
Anthropogenic pollution
Sources
Fertilizers Unsanitary conditions Leaks Unhygienic practices
Drinking water contaminated with nitrates can lead to serious, even fatal consequences particularly for infants. In human body, nitrate is converted to nitrite which then combines with haemoglobin to form metheamoglobin which reduces oxygen levels in the blood. This causes cyanosis (blue baby syndrome) and in severe cases it can cause death
Anthropogenic pollution
These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life. Many cause cancer, affect various vital organs and can cause death.
Cadmium: Marine and aerospace applications; some fertilisers, detergents and refined petroleum products.
Mercury: Widespread use in industrial processes and in various products (e.g. batteries, lamps and thermometers)
Anthropogenic pollution
Lead: Kidney, nerve and brain damage; anaemia leads to death. Children most susceptible
Anthropogenic pollution
These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life.
Pesticides Cause cancers, damage to the nervous system, reproductive system, endocrinal system Plastics
Dyes
Anthropogenic pollution
Minamata disease
Industrial wastewater from the Chisso corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan The waste water was rich in methyl mercury Mercury content in shellfish in that region increased People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the leftovers
Anthropogenic pollution
Minamata disease
Strange things started to happen cats had convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated.. Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking People died Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning affecting the nervous system First discovered in 1956 Lawsuits and claims continue till today
Anthropogenic pollution
Water-borne Diseases
Water-based Diseases
Water-washed Diseases
Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement, which contain pathogenic microorganisms Cholera Diarrhoeal diseases (dysentry) Typhoid Infective jaundice Polio Roundworm
Scabies Skin sepsis and ulcers Leprosy Lice and typhus Trachoma Conjunctivitis Dysenteries Ascariasis Paratyphoid
Industrial effluents dumped into rivers fish kills and loss of underwater plants
Oil spills in oceans huge damage to marine biodiversity Garbage in oceans mistaken for food and consumed by marine animals. Causes death Chemical pollution from land based sources, damage marine biodiversity
http://sxmprivateeye.com/node/255
Acid rain
Acid rain rain in which SO2, oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, CO2 etc. are dissolved
Affects the hatching of fish eggs pHs lower than 5 can kill adult fish. Has eliminated insect life and some fish species Kills microbes in the soil and alters soil chemistry
Acid rain
Acid rain rain in which SO2 and oxides of nitrogen are dissolved
High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain.
Municipal treatment plants are designed to control conventional pollutants. Most municipal plants are not designed to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial waste water.
To reduce discharges of untreated sewage govt. use two approaches: First, Utilizing a green infrastructure approach & Second reduce the hydraulic overloading of treatment. A household or business not served by municipal treatment may have an individual septic tank, which treats the waste water on site and discharges into the soil.
Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, & then send the partially treated waste water to the municipal system.
Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants. Heated water generated by power plants may be controlled with cooling ponds, man made bodies water designed for cooling by evaporation & radiation cooling towers. It is a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.
Farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows & retain soil on their fields, Common techniques include: Contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops & installing Riparian buffers. Riparian buffer lining a creek in Iowa Farmers can develop & implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients. To minimize pesticide impacts, farmer may use Integrated Pest Management(IPM) techniques to maintain control over pests and protect water quality.
It is managed by installation of: Erosion controls such as mulching & hydro seeding, and sediment controls, such as sediment basins & silt fences.
Urban runoff
It Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity & flow of storm water. Local govts use the variety of storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These techniques called the best management practices(BMPs) in the U.S. Pollution prevention techniques include: installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling
Contemporary Law
The Indian Penal Code (IPC),the first penal statue passed by the British Govt. as early as in 1860 contains comprehensive provisions to restraint the occurrence of pollution of water.
In 1953 the state of Orissa took a lead by passing the Orissa River Pollution Prevention Act. Then Maharashtra came out with the much more comprehensive statue: Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969. Now only the Central Govt. is empowered to legislate by virtue of entry 56 of the union list of the seventh schedule.This formed the basis for the enacting a comprehensive statue to prevent & control water pollution in India called; The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution), Act,1974.
Case Study:
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Seechewal
CONCLUSION
I think that we have to change our habits because the water is a precious natural resource and if we follow the same way, one day maybe our sons woke up and they wont have water to drink.
Thank you