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f = c + tan
failu re e elop env
Friction angle
Cohesio n
is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure, under normal stress of .
' = u
u = pore water pressure
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure, under normal effective stress of .
'
Normal stresses and shear stresses on any plane can be obtained with the following equations
Principal stresses
or
Soil element
' + + 2
2 ' 1
' 2 3
= 2
' 1
' 2 3
3
Soil element
' + + 2
2 ' 1
' 2 3
= 2
' 1
' 2 3
' 1' 3 2
' 3
' 1' + 3 2
1'
3
Soil element
' + + 2
2 ' 1
' 2 3
= 2
' 1
' 2 3
' 3
' 1' 3 2
( , )
' 1' + 3 2
1'
Failure surface
Y ~ stable X ~ failure
Direct shear test 1. This test is performed to determine the consolidated - drained shear strength of a sandy to silty soil. 2. The shear strength is one of the most important engineering properties of a soil, because it is required whenever a structure is dependent on the soils shearing resistance. 3. The shear strength is needed for engineering situations such as determining the stability of slopes or cuts, finding the bearing capacity for foundations, and calculating the pressure exerted by a soil on a retaining wall.
Apparatus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Direct shear box apparatus Loading frame (motor attached). Dial gauge. Proving ring. Tamper. Straight edge. Balance to weigh upto 200 mg. Aluminum container. Spatula.
PROCEDURE Check the inner dimension of the soil container. Put the parts of the soil container together. Calculate the volume of the container. Weigh the container. Place the soil in smooth layers (approximately 10 mm thick). If a dense sample is desired tamp the soil. Weigh the soil container, the difference of these two is the weight of the soil. Calculate the density of the soil. Make the surface of the soil plane. Put the upper grating on stone and loading block on top of soil.
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation Step 2: Lower box is subjected to a horizontal displacement at a constant rate
PROCEDURE 8. Measure the thickness of soil specimen. 9. Apply the desired normal load. 10. Remove the shear pin. 11. Attach the dial gauge which measures the change of volume. 12. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge and calibration values. 13. Before proceeding to test check all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts except sand/soil. 14. Start the motor. Take the reading of the shear force and record the reading. 15. Take volume change readings till failure. 16. Add 5 kg normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2 and continue the experiment till failure 17. Record carefully all the readings. Set the dial gauges zero, before starting the experiment
Normal force (P) = Normal stress = Area of cross section of the sample
Shear resistance developed at the sliding surface (S) = Shear stress = Area of cross section of the sample
Note: Cross-sectional area of the sample changes with the horizontal displacement
r ae h S , ssert s
Shear displacement
Expansion
Compression
Normal stress =
3 2 1
Normal stress =
, ssert s r ae h S
f 2
Normal stress =
f
Shear displacement
ehS ui a l f
Normal stress,
ert s r ae h S , er ui a l f
Normal force,
f = ca + ' tan