Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Earthwork
includes:
1. Excavation
2. Grading: Moving earth to change
elevation
3. Temporary shoring
4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise
grade
5. Compaction: Increasing density
6. Disposal
TazriAziz
A. Job conditions
Material type
Water level and moisture content
Job size
Length of haul
Haul road condition (accessibility and
load restrictions)
TazriAziz
B. Management conditions
Equipment conditions and
maintenance practices
Skills of work force and management
Planning, supervision and
coordination of work.
TazriAziz
Management Conditions*
J ob Conditions**
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Excellent
0.84
0.81
0.76
0.70
Good
0.78
0.75
0.71
0.65
Fair
0.72
0.69
0.65
0.60
Poor
0.63
0.61
0.57
0.52
TazriAziz
Meter cube m3 (bank, loose, or compacted)
Bank (BCY):
Loose (LCY):
Compacted (CCY):
TazriAziz
1.0 METER
CUBE IN
NATURAL
CONDITION
(IN-PLACE
YARD)
1.25 METER
CUBE AFTER
DIGGING
(LOOSE
YARDS)
0.90 METER
CUBE
AFTER
COMPACTED
(COMPACTE
D YARDS)
1.25
1.0
In place
0.90
Loose
TazriAziz
Compacted
Bank: VB
Bank Meter Cube (BMC)
Density B Lb /BMC
Loose: VL
Loose Meter Cube (LMC)
Density L Lb/LMC
Compacted: Vc
Compacted Meter Cube (CMC)
Density C LB/CMC
TazriAziz
Swell:
A soil increase in volume when it is
excavated.
Bank density
density
Swell (%) = (Loose- 1)
x 100
Loose density
Load factor = Bank density
TazriAziz
Shrinkage:
A soil decreases in volume when it is
compacted
Shrinkage (%) = (1 Bank
- ) x density
100
Compacted density
TazriAziz
Loose
Material
(kg/m3)
Clay, dry
1,604
Clay, wet
2,062
Clay and gravel, dry 1,833
Clay and gravel, wet 1,986
Earth, dry
1,693
Earth, moist
1,841
Earth, wet
2,101
Gravel, wet
2,123
Gravel, dry
2,360
Sand, dry
1,986
Sand, wet
2,368
Sand and gravel, dry 2,215
Sand and gravel, wet 2,597
Bank
(kg/m3)
2,024
2,731
2,139
2,368
2,177
2,353
2,582
2,398
2,765
2,230
2,689
2,483
2,865
Swell
(%)
26
32
17
17
29
28
23
13
17
12
13
12
10
Load
Factor
0.79
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.78
0.78
0.81
0.88
0.85
0.89
0.88
0.89
0.91
Initial
Convrted to:
Soil Type
Clay
Common earth
Rock (blasted)
Sand
Soil Condition
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Bank
Loose
TazriAziz
Bank
1.00
0.79
1.11
1.00
0.80
1.11
1.00
0.67
0.77
1.00
0.89
Loose
1.27
1.00
1.41
1.25
1.00
1.39
1.50
1.00
1.15
1.12
1.00
Compa
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.3
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.8
2-0
or more
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Angle of Repose
om
m
en
de
d
1: Sl
1 op
(4 e
5
f
D or
eg A
.) ve
Re
c
Co
mp
ac
te
1/2 d A
:1 ngu
(6
3 D lar G
eg rav
.)
el
Original
Ground Line
ra
ge
So
ils
For Sloping Sides
of Excavation
TazriAziz
nd
a
d
S
an
p .)
S
r
a
g
se
oo )
Sh De
L
.
d
d
te ( 33
de Deg
c
n
u
6
pa :1
Ro 1 (2
m 1/2
l
l
:
o
2
C 1
We
1.
2.
TazriAziz
TazriAziz
TazriAziz
88
86
84
84
30m
80
82
82
80
78
10
88
86
l
Fil t
Cu
10
D
10
50m
TazriAziz
10
F
10
80
Sec. A- A
78.5
78
76
82
Sec. B- B
80.3
80
78
84
Sec. C- C
82.3
82
80
86
Sec. D- D
84.2
84
88
Sec. E- E
86.2
86
90
Sec. F- F
88.2
88
TazriAziz
107 x 1.0
Area =
= 53.5
2
80
79.5
79
78.5
78
76.7
193 x 1.8
Area =
= 173.7
2
77
76
Section A- A
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90 x 1.5
Area =
2
82
= 67.5
81
80.3
80
76.7
210 x 1.8
Area =
= 189.0
2
79
78
Section B- B
TazriAziz
81.8
Section
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
TazriAziz
TazriAziz
Step l
Determine by visual study of the site drawing if the net total will
be an import (more fill required than cut) an export (less fill
required than cut) or a blend (cut and fill about equal)
Step 2
Determine the pattern of calculation points or grid size.
Step 3
Determine elevations at each calculation location, the corners
of each grid.
Step 4
Calculate the cubic yards of cut or fill required in each grid cell.
Step 5
Add the individual Grid Cell quantities together to arrive at the
total cut, total fill volume and the import or volume export
yardage required for the job.
TazriAziz
60m
88
87.6
A
87.6
G
87.4
N
87.2
89
88.5
B
88.6
H
88.2
O
87.7
No Scale
90
89.3
C
89.4
J
89.5
P
89.0
91
90.3
92
93
94
91.5
D
90.4
91.6
K
90.6
91.6
Q
90.4
91.3
95.0
F
93.2
M
92.7
93.5
S
92.0
Notes:
1. Bring the entire site to elevation
90.
2. All grids are 10m x 10m = 100
sq m
TazriAziz
94.3
93.1
Purpose
Grade the entire site to grade 90
Need
Fill
27
TazriAziz
Nee
d
Cut
10
m
90'
90.5'
91'
10
m
90'
88.6
Average elevation
87.6+88.5+87.6+88.6
=
4
= 88.08
change
= 90-88.08 87.6
= 1.92m3
TazriAziz
87.6
87.6