CCNA Semester 2 Chapter 06 ROUTING AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Objectives
Explain the significance of static routing Configure static and default routes Identify the classes of routing protocols Identify distance vector routing protocols Identify link-state routing protocols Describe the basic characteristics of common routing protocols Identify interior gateway protocols Identify exterior gateway protocols Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on a router

Table of Content
1 Introduction to static route 2 Dynamic routing overview 3 Routing protocols overview

INTRODUCTION TO STATIC ROUTING

Introducing Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward the destination network Static routing & dynamic routing Static routing
must be configured manually Network topology changes require the network administrator to add and delete static routes to account for the changes. Static route requires a tremendous amount of adm. time. Static routing does not have the scalability of dynamic routing.

Dynamic routing
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The direction to remote networks is learned from other routers

Introducing Routing

Purpose of a static route

Security When a network is accessible by only one path (stub network), static route to the network can be sufficient

Static Route Operation

Static route operations can be divided into these three parts:
Network administrator configures the route Router installs the route in the routing table The static route is used to route packets.
Router(config) ip route des_net subnet_mask

[next-hop-address outgoing interface]

Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 Command des. Net Hobeken(config)# ip route

Command
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255.255.255.0 s1 subnetmask interface 255.255.255.0

subnetmask

172.16.1.0
des. Net

172.16.2

nexthop add

Static Route Example

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.
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Static Route Operation

Static Route Operation

Configuring Static Routes

Step 1 Determine all desired prefixes, masks, and addresses. The address can be either a local interface or a next hop address that leads to the desired destination. Step 2 Enter global configuration mode. Step 3 Type the ip route command. The administrative distance is optional. Step 4 Repeat Step 3 for all the destination networks that were defined in Step 1. Step 5 Exit global configuration mode. Step 6 Use the copy running-config startup-config.

Configuring Default Route Forwarding

/24 /24 4 4 1 2 .2. .4. 2/2 1/2 . . .16 .16 6.2 6.4 2 2 17 17 2.1 2.1 17 17 Sterling S1 waycross S1 Hoboken S0 S0

172.16.1.1/24

172.16.3.1/24

172.16.5.1/24

Hobeken(config)# ip route

[next-hop-addres outgoing interface] Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table

0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

Hobeken(config)# ip route
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0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

s0

Default Routes Examples

This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.
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Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration

show running-config to view the active configuration show ip route to verify that the route that was configured is in the routing table. Ping Traceroute

Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration

DYNAMIC ROUTING OVERVIEW

Introduction To Routing Protocols

A routing protocol allows one router to share information with other routers.
E.g: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF

A routed protocol provides enough information in its network layer address to allow a packet to be forwarded from one host to another based on the addressing scheme.
E.g IP,IPX,

An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of networks under a common administration sharing a common routing strategy
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Purpose Of A Routing Protocol & Autonomous Systems The goal of a routing protocol is to build and maintain the routing table. The routing protocol learns all available routes, places the best routes into the routing table When all routers in an internetwork are operating with the same knowledge, the internetwork is said to have converged Autonomous systems (AS) provide the division of the global internetwork into smaller and more manageable networks.
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Identifying The Classes Of Routing Protocols

Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two categories:

The distance vector routing approach determines the direction (vector) and distance to any link in the internetwork. The link-state approach, also called shortest path first, recreates the exact topology of the entire internetwork.

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 0 10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 1

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 0 10.1.0.0 1 10.4.0.0 1

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 0 10.4.0.0 0 10.2.0.0 1

10.4.0.0 2
2

10.1.0.0 2

Link-state Routing Protocol Features

Hello 10.1.0.0 A 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.2.0.0 B 10.3.0.0 A LSU C LSU SPF 10.2.0.0 B Hello 10.3.0.0 C 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 B 10.4.0.0

10.2.0.0

10.3.0.0

C 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 B

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 0 10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 1 10.4.0.0 2

ROUTING PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW

Path Determination
Path determination occurs at the network layer. The path determination function enables a router to evaluate the paths to a destination and to establish the preferred handling of a packet The switching function is the internal process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it to a second interface on the same router.
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Routing Configuration
Network 172.16.0.0

Global configuration Select routing protocol(s) Specify Network(s) Interface configuration Verify address/ subnet mask

RIP

RIP

IGRP Network 160.89.0.0

IGRP

RIP Network 172.30.0.0

Routing Configuration ( cont. )

Router(config)# router protocol {options}
Difines an ip routing protocol Protocol: IGRP, OSPF,EIGRP,RIP Option: autonomous system or process id if required

Router(config-router)# network networknumber

The network subcommand is a mandatory configuration command for each ip routing process Network-number: specifies a directly connected network

Routing Protocols

Interior/Exterior Routing Protocols

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

It is a distance vector routing protocol. Hop count is used as the metric for path selection. If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is discarded. Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds, by default.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

It is a distance vector routing protocol. Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to create a composite metric. Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds, by default.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

It is a link-state routing protocol. Open standard routing protocol described in RFC 2328. Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost to a destination. Routing updates are flooded as topology changes occur

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol. Uses load balancing. Uses a combination of distance vector and link-state features. Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path. Routing updates are multicast using 224.0.0.10 triggered by topology changes
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Summary
Routing protocols Autonomous systems The classes of routing protocols Routing configuration Routing protocols (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP) Autonomous systems and IGP versus EGP Distance vector routing Link-state routing

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Q&A