WAN TECHNOLOGIES

Table of Content
1 WAN technologies overview 2 WAN technologies 3 WAN design

WAN TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW

WAN technology

A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN A company or organization must subscribe to an outside WAN service provider in order to use WAN carrier network services

Part of WAN service

Subscriber to Provider Interface

WAN standard: The physical layer

The physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connections to the services provided by a communications service provider.
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Datalink Layer

The data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites, and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.

Data link layer: WAN protocols

Frame Relay: Transmit data very rapidly compared to the other WAN protocols. PPP: Described by RFC 1661, PPP was developed by the IETF. ISDN: Digital services that transmits voice and data over existing phone lines. HDLC: An ISO standard, HDLC might not be compatible between different vendors.
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WAN encapsulation
Flag Header Data FCS Flag

Address Control Protocol

WAN TECHNOLOGIES

Analog dialup

ISDN

Leased line

CSU/DSU

CSU/DSU

Frame Relay

PVC
CSU/DSU CSU/DSU

DSL
Service Download ADSL SDSL HDSL IDSL RADSL CDSL
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Upload 16-640Kbps 1.5442.048Mbps 1.5442.048Mbps 144Kbps

1.544-8.192Mbps 1.544-2.048Mbps 1.544-2.048Mbps 144Kbps

64Kbps-8.192Mbps 16-768Mbps 1Mbps 16-160Kbps

Cable modem

Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television A cable modem is capable of delivering up to 30 to 40 Mbps of data on one 6 MHz cable channel

POINTTO-POINT

Table of Content
1 Serial Point-to-point links 2 PPP Authentication 3 PPP configuration

SERIAL POINT-TO-POINT LINK

Introduction To Serial Communication

011111100110 ..11110 011111100110 ..11110

Transmission system

Physical medium

Transmission system

WAN technologies are based on serial transmission at the physical layer The signaling methods include Nonreturn to Zero Level (NRZ-L), High Density Binary 3, (HDB3), and Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI).
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Time-division Multiplexing

DTE-DCE
The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is the device used to convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider transmission link. The DTE-DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following specifications:
Mechanical/physical Number of pins and connector type Electrical Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1 Functional Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in Procedural Specifies the sequence of events for transmitting data
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DTE-DCE (cont.)

The synchronous serial port on a router is configured as DTE or DCE depending on the attached cable The router end of the shielded serial transition cable may be a DB-60 connector The serial end of the smart serial cable is a 26-pin connector significantly more compact than the DB-60 connector.
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HDLC Encapsulation
HDLC uses synchronous serial transmission providing error-free communication between two points. HDLC defines a Layer 2 framing structure that allows for flow control and error control using acknowledgments and a windowing scheme. Each frame has the same format, whether it is a data frame or a control frame Standard HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a single link The Cisco HDLC frame allows multiple network layer protocols to share the same serial link

HDLC Frame Format

Uses a proprietary data field to support multiprotocol environments

Supports only single-protocol environments

HDLC Encapsulation (cont.)

Configuring HDLC Encapsulation

Enter the interface configuration mode of the serial interface. Then enter the encapsulation hdlc command to specify the encapsulation protocol on the interface. When communicating with a non-Cisco device, synchronous PPP is a more viable option.

Configuring HDLC Encapsulation

Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc

Enables HDLC encapsulation Uses the default encapsulation on synchronous serial interfaces

Troubleshooting A Serial Interface

show interfaces serial
Serial x is down, line protocol is down Serial x is up, line protocol is down Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped) Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled) Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down

PPP AUTHENTICATION

PPP Layered Architecture

PPP uses a layered architecture. A layered architecture is a logical model, design, or blueprint that aids in communication between interconnecting layers. PPP provides a method for encapsulating multiprotocol datagrams over a point-to-point link, and uses the data link layer for testing the connection. PPP is made up of two sub-protocols:
Link Control Protocol Used for establishing the point-to-point link. Network Control Protocol Used for configuring the various network layer protocols.
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PPP Layered Architecture

PPP can carry packets from several protocol suites using NCP. PPP controls the setup of several link options using LCP.
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PPP Layered Architecture (Cont.)

Asynchronous serial Synchronous serial High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

PPP Layered Architecture (Cont.)

Authentication Compression Error detection Multilink PPP Callback

PPP Layered Architecture (Cont.)

For every network layer protocol used, a separate Network Control Protocol (NCP) is provided.
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NCP includes functional fields containing

PPP Layered Architecture (Cont.)

Flag Indicates the beginning or end of a frame and consists of the binary sequence 01111110. Address Consists of the standard broadcast address, which is the binary sequence 11111111. Control 1 byte that consists of the binary sequence 00000011, Protocol 2 bytes that identify the protocol encapsulated in the data field of the frame. Data 0 or more bytes

PPP LCP Configuration Options

PPP Session Establishment

Two PPP authentication protocols: PAP and CHAP

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Establishing A PPP Session

Link-establishment frames are used to establish and configure a link. Link-termination frames are used to terminate a link. Link-maintenance frames are used to manage and debug a link.

Establishing A PPP Session: Link-establishment phase

In this phase each PPP device sends LCP frames to configure and test the data link. LCP frames contain a configuration option field that allows devices to negotiate the use of options such as
maximum transmission unit (MTU), compression of certain PPP fields, link-authentication protocol.

If a configuration option is not included in an LCP packet, the default value for that configuration option is assumed This phase is complete when a configuration acknowledgment frame has been sent and received.

Establishing A PPP Session: Authentication phase

Authentication phase (optional) After the link has been established and the authentication protocol decided on, the peer may be authenticated. Authentication, if used, takes place before the network layer protocol phase is entered. LCP also allows for an optional link-quality determination test. The link is tested to determine whether the link quality is good enough to bring up network layer protocols
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Establishing A PPP Session:Network layer phase

In this phase the PPP devices send NCP packets to choose and configure one or more network layer protocols, such as IP. Once each of the chosen network layer protocols has been configured, packets from each network layer protocol can be sent over the link The show interfaces command reveals the LCP and NCP states under PPP configuration
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PPP Authentication Protocols

Passwords sent in clear text Peer in control of attempts

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Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

Hash values, not actual passwords, are sent across link. The local router or external server is in control of attempts.
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PPP Authentication Protocols:CHAP Operation

Sydney Challenge Username Sysney Melbourne MD5 Hash # Password cisco sanhinoon Hongkong

Sydney Username Hongkong Melbourne MD5 Password cisco sanhinoon

Random

ID

01

Response Hash # Hongkong Hash# Is Equal? Sydney Ack/Nack ID 03

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ID

02

PPP Encapsulation And Authentication Process

CONFIGURING PPP

Configuring PPP
Enable PPP
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

To configure compression over PPP, enter the following commands:

Router(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac]

Enter the following to monitor the data dropped on the link, and avoid frame looping:
Router(config-if)#ppp quality percentage

The following commands perform load balancing across multiple links:

Router(config-if)#ppp multilink
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Configuring PPP authentication

Step 1: Define username and password to expect from remote router
Router(config)#username remote password secret Secret must be the same at both ends

Step 2: Enable PPP

Router(config-if) encapsulation ppp

Step 3: Configure authentication

Router(config-if) Ppp authentication { pap|chap|papchap|chap-pap}

Step 4: if IOS 11.1 or later, PAP must be enable on interface

Router(config-if)ppp pap sent-username user password pass
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Configuring PPP and Authentication

Configuring PPP authentication - PAP

Configuring PPP authentication - CHAP

Verifying The Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration

Houston#sh int serial 1/0:1 Serial1/0:1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is DSX1 Internet address is 10.10.10.3/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) LCP Open Open: IPCP, CDPCP Last input 00:00:09, output 00:53:17, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters 01:09:05 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 164 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
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--More--

Troubleshooting The Serial Encapsulation Configuration

left right

right#debug ppp negotiation

00:02:28: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up 00:02:28: Se0/0 PPP: Using default call direction <omit> right(config-i8: Se0/0 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING, by both [0 sess, 0 load] 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 14 len 26 from "right" 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 17 len 25 from "left" 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 17 len 26 from "right" 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 14 len 25 from "left" 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 14 len 4 00:02:28: Se0/0 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 17 len 4
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FRAME RELAY

Content

Frame Relay Technology LMI: Ciscos Implementation of FR LMI Features Frame Relay Sub-Interfaces Configuration of Basic Frame Relay

FRAME RELAY TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
Frame Relay is a Consultative Committee for CCITT and ANSI standard. Defines a process for sending data over a public data network (PDN). A way of sending information over a WAN by dividing data into packets. It operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. It relies on upper-layer protocols such as TCP for error correction. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits to make connections.
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Frame Relay terminologies

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Access rate Local management interface (LMI) Committed information rate (CIR) Committed burst (Bc) Committed rate measurement interval (Tc) Excess burst (Be) Forward explicit congestion noti. (FECN) Backward explicit congestion noti.(BECN) Discard eligibility (DE) indicator

Frame Relay technology

Terminologies: Access Rate

The clock speed of the connection (local loop) to the Frame Relay cloud. It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network

Terminologies: DLCI

Data-link connection identifier. A number that identifies the end point in a Frame Relay network. Significance only to the local network. The Frame Relay switch maps the DLCIs between a pair of routers to create a permanent virtual circuit.

Terminologies: LMI

Local management interface. A signaling standard between the CPE device and the Frame Relay switch Responsible for managing the connection and maintaining status btw the devices.

Terminologies: CIR

Committed information rate. The CIR is the guaranteed rate, that the service provider commits to providing.

Terminologies: Bc

Committed Burst The maximum number of bits that the switch agrees to transfer during a interval.

Terminologies: Tc

Committed Rate Measurement Interval. The time interval shouldnt exceed 125 ms, almost always 125 ms
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Terminologies: Excess burst

The maximum number of uncommitted bits that the switch attempts to transfer beyond the CIR. Dependent on the service offerings available by the vendor, but is typically limited to the port speed of the local access loop.

Terminologies: FECN

Forward explicit congestion notification. When a switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends a FECN packet to the destination device.

Terminologies: BECN

Backward explicit congestion notification. When a switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends a BECN packet to the source router, instructing the router to reduce the rate at which it is sending packets.

Frame Relay congestion

Terminologies: DE

Discard eligibility indicator. A set bit that indicates the frame may be discarded in preference to other frames if congestion occurs The DE bit is set on the oversubscribed traffic.

Frame Relay operation

A public FR service is deployed by putting FR switching equipment in the central office of a carrier. Economic benefits are got by from traffic sensitive charging rates and lack of equipment and service maintenance. The lines that connect user devices to the provider can operate at a speed selected from a broad range of data rates. Speeds between 56 kbps and 2 Mbps are typical, although Frame Relay can support lower and higher speeds.
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Frame Relay DLCI

FR standards address PVCs that are configured and managed in a FR network. FR PVCs are identified by DLCIs, that have LOCAL significance. Multiplexing many virtual circuit through a physical medium. FR switches constructs a table mapping DLCI values to outbound ports. The complete path to the destination is established before the first frame is sent.
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Frame Relay DLCI (cont.)

Frame Relay frame format

DLCI: Indicates the DLCI value. Consists of the first 10 bits of the Address field. Congestion Control: The last 3 bits in the address field. These are the FECN, BECN, and discard eligible (DE) bits.
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Frame Relay addressing

DLCI address space is limited to 10 bits. possible 1024 DLCI addresses. The usable portion of these addresses are determined by the LMI type:
The Cisco LMI type supports a range of DLCI addresses from DLCI 16-1007. The ANSI/ITU LMI type supports the range of addresses from DLCI 16-992.

The remaining DLCI addresses are reserved for vendor implementation.

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Frame Relay addressing

LMI: CISCOS IMPLEMENTATION OF FRAME RELAY

LMI functions

To determine the operational status of the various PVCs that the router knows about To transmit keepalive packets to ensure that the PVC stays up and does not shut down due to inactivity To tell the router what PVCs are available Three LMI types can be invoked by the router: ansi, cisco, and q933a

LMI operation

LMI extension functions

In addition to the basic Frame Relay protocol functions for transferring data, the Frame Relay specification includes LMI extensions that make supporting large, complex internetworks easier.
Virtual circuit status messages Multicasting Global addressing Simple flow control

LMI FEATURES

Frame Relay Signaling

Cisco supports three LMI standards:

Cisco ANSI T1.617 Annex D ITU-T Q.933 Annex A
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Frame Relay map

Frame Relay mapping

Network address DLCI The routing table is then used to supply the next-hop protocol address or the DLCI for outgoing traffic. The resolution is done through a data structure called a Frame Relay map. This data structure can be statically configured in the router, or the Inverse ARP feature can be used for automatic setup of the map.
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Frame Relay mapping

Inverse ARP

The Inverse ARP mechanism allows the router to automatically build the Frame Relay map.
1. The router learns the DLCIs that are in use from the switch during the initial LMI exchange. 2. The router then sends an Inverse ARP request to each DLCI for each protocol configured on the interface. 3. The return information from the Inverse ARP is then used to build the Frame Relay map.

Frame Relay Inverse ARP and LMI Signaling

Stages of Inverse ARP and LMI Operation

Frame Relay switching table

The Frame Relay switching table consists of four entries: two for incoming port and DLCI, and two for outgoing port and DLCI. The DLCI could, therefore, be remapped as it passes through each switch; the fact that the port reference can be changed is why the DLCI does not change even though the port reference might change.

Frame Relay switching table

Selecting a Frame Relay Topology

Frame Relay default: nonbroadcast, multiaccess (NBMA)

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FRAME RELAY SUBINTERFACES

What are Frame Relay subinterfaces

Subinterfaces are logical subdivisions of a physical interface. In a subinterface configuration, each PVC can be configured as a point-to-point connection, which allows the subinterface to act as a dedicated line. By using multiple virtual subinterfaces, the overall cost of implementing a Frame Relay network can be reduced.
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FR without subinterface

FR with subinterface

Subinterface

Split horizon routing environments

Split horizon reduces routing loops by not allowing a routing update received on one physical interface to be sent back out that same interface. As a result, if a remote router sends an update to the headquarters router that is connecting multiple PVCs over a single physical interface, the headquarters router cannot advertise that route through the same physical interface to other remote routers.
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Split horizon and reachability problem

Reachability issues: Point-to-point

A single subinterface is used to establish one PVC connection to another physical interface or subinterface on a remote router. Each point-to-point connection is its own subnet. In this environment, broadcasts are not a problem because the routers are pointto-point and act like a leased line.

Reachability issues: Multipoint

A single subinterface is used to establish multiple PVC connections to multiple physical interfaces or subinterfaces on remote routers. All the participating interfaces would be in the same subnet, and each interface would have its own local DLCI. Because the subinterface is acting like a regular Frame Relay network, routing updates are subject to split horizon.
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FRAME RELAY CONFIGURATION

Basic Frame Relay configuration

Basic Frame Relay configuration

A basic Frame Relay configuration assumes that:

you want to configure Frame Relay on one physical interface and that LMI and Inverse ARP are supported by the remote routers.

The LMI notifies the router about the available DLCIs. Inverse ARP is enabled by default, so it does not appear in configuration output.
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Verifying Frame Relay operation

Verifying Frame Relay operation

Configure Frame Relay Switch

Enable Frame Relay Switching
FRSW(conf)# frame-relay switching

Configure interface
FRSW(conf-if)#Encapsulation frame-relay FRSW(conf-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce|dte FRSW(conf-if)#clock rate 56000 FRSW(conf-if)#frame-relay lmi-type cisco|ansi| q933a

FR route (create PVC - Switching Table)

FRSW(conf-if)#frame-relay route <input_dlci> interface <output_interface> <output_dlci>
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Configuration subinterfaces

Configuring Subinterfaces
Point-to-point
Subinterfaces act like leased lines. Each point-to-point subinterface requires its own subnet. Point-to-point is applicable to hub and spoke topologies.

Multipoint
Subinterfaces act like NBMA networks, so they do not resolve the split-horizon issues. Multipoint can save address space because it uses a single subnet. Multipoint is applicable to partial mesh and full mesh topologies.

Multipoint subinterfaces example

Point-to-point subinterfaces example

FRAME RELAY CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES

Configuration: without subinterface

1.0.0.0/8 FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8

# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay LMI type is automatically sensed # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

The encapsulation is Cisco

# router igrp 1 DLCI is learned via LMI status messages # network 1.0.0.0 Inverse ARP # network 9.0.0.0 is enable (by default)
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Configuration: Specified encapsulation

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8

DLCI 41

FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8

DLCI 42

# interface serial 0 # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # encapsulation frame-relay ietf # frame-relay lmi-type ansi
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Configuration: with subinterface

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8

DLCI 41

FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8

DLCI 42

# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay # frame-relay lmi-type ansi # interface serial 0.1 point-to-point # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
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Configuration: with subinterface

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8

DLCI 41 DLCI 43

FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8

DLCI 42 DLCI 44

3.0.0.0/8 Intel

# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay # interface serial 0.1 multipoint # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # frame-relay interface-dlci 43 ietf
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Configuration: disabled inverse ARP

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8

DLCI 41 DLCI 43

FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8

DLCI 42 DLCI 44

3.0.0.0/8 Intel

# interface serial 0.1 multipoint # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # frame-relay interface-dlci 43 ietf # frame-relay map ip 9.0.0.2 41 broadcast # frame-relay map ip 9.0.0.3 43 broadcast
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Configuring a Static Frame Relay Map

Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces

Multipoint Subinterfaces Configuration Example

Q&A