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– T-account approach
4. An international perspective
5. Using Information in the Statement of
Cash Flows
6. Ethical Issues and The Statement of Cash
Flows
Chapter Summary
Statement of Cash Flows
Exhibit 4.1
Preparing the Statement of Cash
Flows
Firms could prepare the cash flow statement
directly from the cash account. Most,
however, find it more efficient to prepare
the cash flow statement from the balance
sheet and income statement.
b) Direct and indirect methods.
c) Algebraic formulation will present the
underlying concept of Statement of cash
flows.
d) There are two approaches to producing
the cash flow statement: columnar
worksheet and t-account worksheet.
Define Direct and Indirect Method
Direct method
of presentation calculates cash flow from
operations by subtracting cash disbursements to
supplies, employees, and others from cash
receipts from customers.
The indirect method
calculates cash flow from operations by adjusting
net income for noncash revenues and expenses.
Most firms present their cash flows using
the indirect method.
Algebraic Formulation
Recall the basic accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity
or A = L + SE
Assets are either cash (C) or non cash
assets (N$A), so
C + N$A = L + SE
∆ C + ∆ N$A = ∆ L + ∆ SE
Where ∆ means the change in the balance,
Rearranging gives the basic equation for
the statement of cash flows:
∆ C = ∆ L + ∆ SE - ∆ N$A
Algebraic Formulation (Cont.)
C = ∆ L + ∆ SE - ∆ N$A
The change in cash, ∆ C, is the increase
or decrease in the cash account.
This amount must equal changes in
liabilities plus changes in shareholders’
equity minus changes in assets other
than cash.
Thus, we can identify the causes in the
change in the cash account by studying
the changes in non-cash accounts.
Two Approaches to Producing
the Cash Flow Statement
increase decrease
If noncash assets If noncash assets
Non- are increased, are decreased,
cash then cash was spent, then they provided cash
Asset so cash is an outflow, so cash is an inflow,
s negative sign. positive sign.
If liab. or S.E. If liab. or S.E.
Liabilities increased, then cash decreased, then cash
and was obtained, was spent,
Shareholders’ so cash in an inflow, so cash in an outflow,
Equity positive sign. negative sign.
T-account Worksheet
The columnar works well when the change in
each balance sheet account affects only one
of the three types of activities. It becomes
cumbersome for more complex (and realistic)
situations.
The T-account approach is a direct extension
of T-accounts - facilitates analysis of a
transaction which involves more than one
activity.
For example, the change in Retained Earnings
can be due to both net income (operating
activity) and dividends (financing activity).
T-account Worksheet
1. Obtain beginning and ending balance
sheets.
2. Prepare a T-account worksheet with a
master account, cash, divided into
operating, investing and financing sections.
3. Explain the change in the master cash
account by reconstructing the original
entries in a summary form.
4. Make any necessary adjustments.
5. Recast the master account in the format of
a cash flow statement.
T-account Worksheet (Cont.)
Various Balance Sheet Accounts Cash
beginning beginning
balance balance
###### 3. this
ending 2. these are Operations part of the
balance offset by an #### cash
1. adjustments are opposite entry Investing account
made to all balance in the cash becomes
sheet accounts to account. Financing the cash
bring the beginning flow
balance to the ending ending statement.
balance. balance
Effects of Sale of Long-Term Assets
on Cash Flows
A few transactions complicate the derivation of a
cash flow statement from a comparative balance
sheet, for example, the sale of a long-term (or
fixed) asset.
Recall the journal entry for the sale of an asset:
Cash ###
Accumulated Depreciation ###
Asset ###
Gain (or loss) on sale ###
Sale of an Asset (Cont.)
Each of the four parts of the above journal entry
require an adjustment in the cash flow statement.
The first line, cash, adds a line to the investing section.
The second line, a debit to accumulated depreciation,
increases the depreciation expense above the change
in the change in the accumulated depreciation account.
The third line, a credit to the asset, increases the
amount of cash invested in long-lived assets above the
change in the fixed asset accounts.
The fourth line, a gain or loss, is reversed out in the
operating sections since this is not a cash flow.
Comparison of Cash Flow to Net
Income
Net income is an accrual based concept and
purports to show the long-term.
Cash flows purport to show the short term.
Consider the outlook for both short-term and
long-term and consider that each is either good
or poor.
A strong growing firm would show both good
long-term and good short-term outlooks.
A failing firm would show both poor long-term
and poor short term outlooks.
What about a firm with good cash flows (short-
term) but poor net income (long-term)?
What about a firm with poor cash flows (short-
term) but good net income (long-term)?
An International Perspective
The International Accounting
Standards Board (IAS No. 7)
recommends but does not require
a statement of cash flows.