Agricultural Development

By : Group 1

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
-agriculture from Latin words ager cultura which means field cultivation 1.Early primitive people -obtained foods through hunting and fishing -has nomadic life -economic life was similar to animal existence 2.Discovery of agriculture by man -most crucial phenomena towards human development -began to plant crops, and raise animals for food

History of agriculture

3.Discovery of the beginnings of agricultural practices first discovered in: i. ii. iii. Southeast Asia Middle East-raised wheat and barley around 6000 B.C. Central and South America

4.Discovery of the first true villages - Jarmo village discovered in hills of Iraq - It was a permanent community with mudhouses built on stone foundations. -people lived in the village about 4750 B.C. -raised wheat and barley, goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle

History of agriculture

-early development of agriculture creates: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Stable societies Economic Social Political Cultural Religious institutions

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURE
a. natural calamities -can easily destroy agricultural investments b. financing -funds for necessary inputs through borrowing money c. production -better methods of production -production techniques d. processing -adequate storage and processing facilities to stabilized price fluctuations e. marketing -good market for their products -trade and commerce

Problems of agriculture

-AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS IN THIRD WORLD POVERTY 1. significant to less developed countries because they were net exporters of wheat, rice, and corn to the industrial countries fatal mistake in evaluating socio-economic progress in terms of the industrial West earn more foreign exchange to finance industrial, military, and urban development projects but benefactors are only the governments constituency food shortages and importation reducing the purchasing power of the poor people bad weather, huge foreign debts, civil wars causes people in the rural areas to go to cities in the hope of finding food and employment serious problems of poverty, hunger and squalor

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Problems of agriculture

-WORLD FAMINE could be eliminated through: -poverty-the root cause of hunger by WHO and Food & Agriculture Organization 1. structuring national priorities by the government 2. research, energy, and wealth be concentrated on agricultural and rural developments 3. use of best seeds, crop varieties, more efficient use of water & local fertilizer-the rate of production increases 4. better distribution of food supplies, harvesting methods, & storage and preservation 5. full commitment and action by G.O and NGO s, local communities, private sectors and international organizations to eradicate hunger and malnutrition

C.

Agricultural Development in Poor Countries

-primarily agricultural economies -depends on raw materials and very few crops for exports to the industrial countries -agricultural productivity is extremely low in less developed countries due to: i. ii. iii. iv. Resources are underutilized Inefficiently developed Deficiency in capital Deficiency in technology

Agricultural development in poor countries

v.

Deficiency in management

-introduction of better techniques of production and highyielding varieties improved productivity -farm workers are mere seasonal workers -THIRD world countries improve through land reform and cooperatives and economic gains have been rendered insignificant due to inflation and population explosion

D.

Agricultural Development in Rich Countries

-equipped with proper institutions -proper political, social, and cultural institutions are needed -some highly developed countries has abundant agricultural lands -agricultural development through: i. ii. iii. High capital-labor ratios Optimum-sized individual farm units High rate of savings pace

iv. Large-scale immigration was encouraged to accelerate the of agricultural development v. vi. Agricultural infrastructure was put up Producing surplus foods and raw materials

E.

Explain Agriculture as a Foundation of the National Economy Stable societies formed Formal and enduring institutions developed More agricultural products are produced Ancient people realized the advantage of exchange economy Trade developed Well-developed industrialized countries has a solid agricultural base Serves as the springboard for industrialization

-the introduction of agriculture results to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Explain Agriculture as a Foundation of the National

Economy

8. 9.

Agriculture sector developed

Economic and social conditions in rural areas and other sectors of the economy invariably improve 10. 11. 12. 13. Increase in the purchasing power Raw materials are available Food supplies are sufficient Local markets are expanding

F. 1. 2.

Specific Contributions of Agriculture Supplies raw materials to the industrial sector and foodstuffs to the urban population. Higher agricultural productivity, people in the agricultural sector get higher incomes, increases their ability to buy goods in effect attracts more investments in the industrial sector. As a result, more employment, production, and income are generated. This further raises consumption level, and so with investment. When agriculture applies efficiently modern machines and technology, it is capable of releasing a portion of its labor force for employment in the industrial sector, and in commercial enterprises. This is the trend in the industrial countries.

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Specific contributions of agriculture

4.

An agricultural economy earns more foreign exchange by exporting more agricultural products. This is made possible if agricultural production increases or when productivity improves. A less developed country is always in great need of foreign exchange for importing machines for its development programs. In improving the economic performance of agriculture, more jobs are created. This reduces the economic and social problems in the rural areas which are widespread and diminishes the movement of rural folks to the cities. Thus, urban problems like slums, traffic congestions, unemployment, and squalor are not further aggravated. A sustained agricultural development provides a more balanced economic development once a country has attained full industrialization.

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G.

Possibilities for Agriculture

-agricultural productivity is low among developing countries -using modern methods of production are expensive  Schumacher (British economist proposed intermediate technology) Intermediate technology -type of technology which is between the modern technology and primitive technology -less expensive and simpler than Western technology but more efficient than primitive technology  Malthus Food shortages & population explosion can be averted by proper food production

Possibilities of agriculture

-Ways of increasing output through more efficient utilization of the farm resources:
 Irrigation -crucial to the tropical farmer -through proper use and conservation of water, farmers can plant more crops  Pests -needed to discover natural organisms and natural chemicals that kills pests but do not destroy plants -outputs could increase through effective pest control

Ways of increasing output through a more efficient utilization of the farm resources

Fertilizer

-manure and compost pit could be used (crop and vegetables wastes) - mudball method mixing fertilizer with soil & packing it down to the roots of the plants -increases employment of farm workers

Intercropping & multicropping Intercropping

-double production in a given piece of land -planting different kinds of crops in alternate rows -cheapest methods of controlling plant diseases and pests

Ways of increasing output through a more efficient utilization of the farm resources

Multicropping -planting more than one crop of the same kind or of various kinds during a growing season -suitable in both tropic and subtropics due to abundance of sunshine throughout the year  Weeding -most tedious jobs in developing countries -low cost but efficient mechanical weeders can be used

Ways of increasing output through a more efficient utilization of the farm resources

Multiuse Leftovers by animals could be source as fertilizers proper rotation of crops -good natural method to reduce pests and plant disease fish farming -can be done in irrigation canals, small ponds, and rice paddies increase food production and income of farmers

Harvesting and storage

-need to develop the right storage facilities to fit local conditions -big shortcoming when there s a great loss of food crops due to improper threshing, poor handling, storage and food preservation

Ways of increasing output through a more efficient utilization of the farm resources

Distribution and marketing Efficient transportation -to reduce the spoilage of agricultural products Good roads from farms to markets -for prompt distribution of products to places where these are most needed

H.


Farmer s Organizations (Objectives and Importance) Objectives To combine the resources of its members -money, skills, talents, tools, and materials To maximize the benefits for its members Promote the welfare and interest of the members Petition for redress of grievances

Importance It is a strength if it is led into right direction Helping exploited poor farmers Fighting the rights of oppressed peasants Assume control over their own resources and means of production

Farmer s Organizations (Objectives and Importance)

-Important factors that could contribute to the success of real agriculture development: a) Agrarian reforms - Efficiency in public administration of agricultural programs b) c) d) e) f) Cooperatives Farmers associations Credit -government has greater role to play Values -appropriate changes in attitudes, values and institutions Health of the farmers

I.

The Green Revolution

-product of U.S capitalist system -11 research stations were established all over the world to promote cash crops e.g. International Rice Research Institute in U.P Los Baos -its job is to create miracle seeds - instrument of U.S capitalist expansion by Dr. Ernest Feder, United Nations consultant on agriculture -funded by Rockefeller & Ford Foundations, World Bank, U.S government and U.S businesses -has credit assistance to small farmers through the use of American methods of farm production -WB channels loan to farmers -has superior financial strength and global connections

J. Modern Philippine Agriculture Industry