Bicol University College of Nursing Legazpi City

HEREDITY
Sharmaine Zyra L . AJERO BSN I - B

WHAT IS HEREDITY???

HEREDITY

Is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). It is the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring. Process and result of the process by which characteristics or traits are being transmitted.

What are some common traits that can be inherited??

Eye color Height Skin color Hair Attitudes Face shape ETC

WHAT IS GENETICS AND ITS RELATION TO HEREDITY???

GENECTICS
The study of heredity is calledgeneticsand scientists that study heredity are calledgeneticists. It deals with the scientific investigations of the mechanisms of heredity. Gene is a small section of chromosome that determines a trait .

TRAIT
Physical characteristics which resembles your parents because you inherited something from them.

TWO TYPES OF TRAITS

DOMINANT TRAIT - trait observable , dominant .

RECESSIVE TRAIT Trait which is not present when paired with dominant gene .

HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS

Homozygous are those IDENTICAL characteristics found in the genes. Heterozygous are those having DIFFERENT characteristics in genes.

TERMS FOR LEARNING

ALLELES are contrasting form of genes. CELLSare the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. EUGENICS deals with the methods improving heredity of species.

EUTHENICS also attempts improvement by regulating the environment. Concerned with uninheritable improvements in human beings at a particular time and place. DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is anucleic acidthat contains thegenetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known livingorganisms.

CHROMOSOMES are thread-like structures in the nucleus. GENOTYPE is a trait inside or hidden. PHENOTYPE is a trait observable. GENES are tiny biochemical structures inside a cell.

DOES IT HAVE ANY RELATION TO THEORY EVOLUTION???

Relation to theor y of evolution

1859 Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution He believed in pangenesis which led to Lamarckian ideas* PANGENESIS mix or blending inheritance and the inheritance of acquired traits *

FRANCIS GALTON
British scientist, best known for his work in anthropology and heredity and considered the founder of the science of eugenics Darwin's initial model of heredity was adopted by, and then heavily modified by, his cousin, Francis Galton *

August Weismann
German biologist, best known as the originator of the germ-plasm theory of heredity 1880 - August Weismann cut the tails off of many generations of mice and found that their offspring continued to develop tails. proved regeneration

Gregor Mendel
-FATHER OF GENETICS -Austrian monk, whose experimental work became the basis of modern hereditary theory -

-1865-

The idea of particulate inheritance of geneswas incorporated in his work on pea plants

FOUR MENDELLIAN LAWS OF HEREDITY

1. The Law of Independent Assortment which states that any one pair of characters is inherited independently, notwithstanding the simultaneous transmission of other traits.

2. Law of Dominance what is dominant became its name. 3. Law of Segregation when hybrids are crossed the resulting are distributed/segregated. 4. The Law of independent unit characters - which states that characters, as height, color, etc., are inherited separately as units.

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Punnette Square *

t t

T Tt Tt

T Tt Tt

TT- homozygous dominant trait for Tall tt- homozygous recessive trait for short

First generation offspring yielded 100 % heterozygous dominant trait ( Tt ) tall

T t

Punnette Square T t Ttheterozygous TT Tt dominant tT

Tthetrozygous trait for generation offspring short

tt

trait for Tall

Second yielded 75 % heterozygous dominant trait ( Tt ) tall and homozygous carrying the recessive trait ( tt ) Small

Birth Defects and Abnormalities

Apatternofinheritance describes how alleles work together to produce traits. * PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE A. Dominant-Recessive Inheritance B. Polygenic Inheritance C. X-Y Linked Inheritance D. Mitochondrial Inheritance

Anomalies
Mongoloid idiocy or Downs syndrome Turners syndrome or sexual infantism Kinefelters syndrome Sex determination Sex-linked characterestics