OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.3

OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.
Wireless Training Department
Course Contents
Introduction to GSM network Mobile radio link Network planning procedure Advanced network planning
Introduction to GSM Network

1. GSM system architecture 2. GSM bandwidth 3. Difference between GSM900 and GSM1800 4. GSM Logical channels
GSM System Architecture
Other MSC
VLR
HLR EIR AuC
OMC
Other BTSs
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890 915 935 960
Channel spacing 200kHz
Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 : Channel spacing 200kHz
1710
1785
1805
1880
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz
Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800
GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar
GSM 900
Frequency band Number of channels Channel spacing Access technique Mobile power 890...960 MHz 124 200 kHz TDMA 0.8 / 2 / 5 W
GSM 1800
1710...1880 MHz 374 200 kHz TDMA 0.25 / 1 W
There are no major differences between GSM 900 and GSM 1800
Logical Channels ogical
GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture
Logical Channels
Common Channels (CCH)
Dedicated Channels (DCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Control Channels
Traffic Channels (TCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH (Sys Info)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H
Downlink Channels
FCCH
Common Channels
BCCH
SCH BCCH
CCCH
PCH AGCH
SDCCH
Dedicated Channels
DCCH
SACCH FACCH
TCH
TCH/F TCH/H
Uplink Channels
RACH
CCCH
Common Channels
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H TCH DCCH
Dedicated
Channels
Use of Logical Channels

FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH
off state
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronization sequence Read system information
idle mode
Listen paging message Send access burst Wait for signaling channel allocation
dedicated mode
Call setup Assign traffic channel Conversation Call release
idle mode
Logical Channels Mapping
Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

Signaling : sequences of 51 frames Traffic :
BCCH + CCCH (downlink) F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC 51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec
sequences of 26 frames
BCCH + CCCH (uplink)
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
For combined BCCH

CCCH blocks can be either PCH or AGCH Some blocks may be configured as SDCCH
Exercises
1. Write down the frequency used for uplink and downlink.
Answer: downlink. GSM system uses different frequency for uplink and
GSM900: Uplink: 935---960 GSM1800: Uplink: 1805--1880 Downlink: 1710--1785 Downlink: 890---915
Exercises
2. Write down the types of logical channels and the hierarchy Answer:
Logical Channels
Common Channels (CCH)
Dedicated Channels (DCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Control Channels
Traffic Channels (TCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH (Sys Info)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H
Course Contents
Mobile Radio Link

1. Radio wave propagation 2. Propagation models 3. Antenna systems 4. Diversity technique 5. Interference and interference reduction 6. Link budget
Radio Link Propagation

Multi-path propagation
Radio path is a complicated propagation medium
Limited transmitting energy

The service range is determined by the transmission power of mobiles Battery life-time
Limited spectrum
Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannons theorem) Additional effort needed for channel coding Frequency reused result in self- interference
Radio Propagation Environment

Multi-path propagation Shadowing Terrain Building Reflection Interference
Reflections
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window
direct signal strong reflected signal
amplitude
long echoes, out of equalizer window: self-interference
delay time equalizer window 16 Qs
Fading(1)
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Level (dB) +10 0 -10 -20
920 MHz v = 20 km/h
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
-30 0 1 2 3 4 5m
Fading(2)
power
Rayleigh fading
+20 dB
lognormal fading
mean value
- 20 dB
2 sec
4 sec
6 sec
time
Signal Variations
Rayleigh fading Cause
Superposition of multiple propagation paths with different phase <P unpredictable
Lognormal fading
Shadowing or reflection by cars, trees, buildings
Large scale variation

Prop. path profile, terrain & clutter structure, arth curvature
Correlation Prediction Planning method
10 ... 100m mostly predictable (buildings!!) consider lognormal distribution around local mean (use W = 3 ... 10dB)
> 100m predictable (maps, terrain database)
apply statistical thresholds for Rayleigh fading signals
use maps or digital terrain & clutter databases to predict (50 ..200m pixel resolution)
Propagation
Free- space propagation

Signal strength decreases with distance increases
D
Reflection
Specula R.
Amplitude Phase : A --> : --> *A ( < 1)
specula reflection
Polarization : material determining phase shift
Diffuse R.
Amplitude : A --> Phase : random
diffuse reflection
*A ( << 1)
Polarization : random
Propagation
Absorption
Heavy amplitude attenuation Material determining phase shift
A A - 5..30 dB
Diffraction
Wedge-model Knife edge Multiple knife edges
Mobile Radio Link

Propagation Model
Historical CCIR- Model for Radio station

Not very accurate nor serious
Okumura- Hata
Empirical model Measure and estimate additional attenuations Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km) Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)
Hata Model
Model used for 900 MHz
. L ! A B log f 1382 log hb a (hm ) (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Lmorpho

with f h a(h) d frequency in MHz additional attenuation due BS antenna height [m] to land usage classes function of MS antenna height distance between BS and MS [km] and
A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz) A= 46.3 , B = 33.9 (for 1000 ..2000MHz)
Land Usage Types

Urban Forest
small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with season (foliage loss)

Open, farmland Water
easy, smooth propagation conditions propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes Glaciers very strong reflection; extreme delay , strong interferences over long distance
Hilltops
can be used as barriers between cells, do not use as antenna or site location
Walfish- Ikegami Model
Model used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular city layout (Manhattan grid). Total path loss consists of three parts:
Line-of-sight loss LLOS Roof-to-street loss LRTS Mobile environment loss LMS
d
h w b
Mobil Radio Link

1. Radio wave propagation 2. Propagation model 3. Antenna system 4. Diversity technique 5. Interference and interference reduction 6. Link budget
Antenna Characteristics

Lobes
Main lobes Side and Back lobes Front-to-Back ratio

Half-power beam-width Antenna downtilt Polarization Frequency range Antenna impedance Mechanical size
Coupling Between Antennas

main lobe
Horizontal separation
Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10 Antenna patterns superimposed if distance too close
5 .. 10P
Vertical separation
Decoupling distance:1 can provide good RX /TX decoupling
Minimum coupling loss
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling
TX - TX: ~20dB TX - RX: ~40dB
0,2m
Horizontal decoupling distance depends on

Antenna gain Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m directional : 1 ... 3m
Omni-directional antenna
Use vertical separation for RX and TX Use vertical separation (fork) for RX and diversity RX
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
Installation Examples

Directional antenna Antenna downtilt

Improve hotspot coverage Reduce interference
5..8 deg
Feeder
Feeder parameter
Type dB/100m Diameter 1800MHz (mm) 900MHz dB/100m
3/8 5/8 7/8 1 5/8
10 17 25 47
14 9 6 3
10 6 4 2
Use the short feeder whenever possible
Distributed Antennas
Leaking feeder
Cables with very high loss per length unit distributed antenna often used for tunnel coverage. This kind of feeder is expensive
Propagation loss: 4 ... 40 dB/100m
50 Ohm coupling loss: ~ 60 dB (at 1m dist.)
Optic fiber distribution system

Distribute RF signal radiate from discrete antenna points at remote locations via (very thin) optic fiber.
Repeaters
Repeater type
Narrow-band Repeater Wide-band Repeater
The Repeater is used to relay signal into shadowed area

Behind hill Into valley Into building
decoupling ~40 dB needed
Note: The Repeater needs a host cell
Mobile Radio Link

Diversity
Time diversity
t
Coding, interleaving

Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
f
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Benefit From Diversity
Diversity gain depends on environment

Antenna diversity
3dB gain More path loss acceptable in link budget Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1.7 A 70% more coverage per cell Needs, less cells in total
The above case can be satisfied only under ideal condition. That is the environment is infinitely large and flat
Mobile Radio Link

Interference
Signal quality = sum of all expected signals sum of all unexpected signal
expected signal
carrier (C ) interference (I)
atmospheric noise other signals
Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)
Effects of Interference

Affect signal quality Cause bit error

Repairable errors : channel coding, error correction Irreducible errors : phase distortions
Interference situation is
Non- reciprocal Unsymmetrical : : uplink <> downlink different situation at MS and BTS
C/I
Co-Channel C/I : 9dB
Adjacent Channel C/I : -12dB
Signal Quality in GSM

RX Quality RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
good usable signal acceptable unusable signal
RXQUAL class 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mean BER (%) 0.14 0.28 0.57 1.13 2.26 4.53 9.05 18.1
BER range from... to < 0.2% 0.2 ... 0.4 % 0.4 ... 0.8 % 0.8 ... 1.6 % 1.6 ... 3.2 % 3.2 ... 6.4 % 6.4 ... 12.8 % > 12.8 %
Interference sources

Multi-path (long echoes) Frequency reuse External interference

Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference as possible.
Methods for reducing Interference

Frequency planning Suitable site location Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
bad location
good location

Frequency hopping A diversity technique, frequency diversity include:

Less fading loss De-coding gain Interference averaging
Power control based on quality

Evaluate signal level and quality
DTX
Silent transmission in speech pauses
Adaptive antenna
According to subscriber distribution, concentrate signal energy to certain direction.
Adaptive channel allocation

Always assign the best available channel during call setup.
Frequency Hopping
Diversity technique
Frequency diversity can reduce fast fading effects Useful for static or slow-moving mobiles
Cyclic base-band hopping

TRX hops cyclic between its allocated frequencies
RF hopping
Either cyclic or random hopping Needs wideband combiner Can use any frequency included in the MA
Power Control

Save battery life-time Minimize interference

GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each Use power control in both uplink and downlink triggered by level or quality
signal level target level e.g. -85 dm
Power control isnt allowed on BCCH

time
DTX
DTX (Discontinuous transmission)

Switch transmitter off in speech pauses and silence periods, both sides transmit only silence updates (SID frames) comfort noise generated by transcoder.

VAD: voice activity detection Transcoder is informed the use of DTX/ VAD
Battery saving and interference reducing
Mobile Radio Link

Link Budget Calculation

Why we need a link budget? Which will decide the coverage range? The coverage range is limited by the weaker one. Two-way communication needed
link usually limited by mobile transmitting power
Desired result: downlink = uplink Link budget should be balanced
Exercises
1. Write down the diversity techniques. 2. Write down the antennas main parameters. 3. Write down the method used to reduce interference.
Answer
1.The diversity techniques are time diversity, frequency diversity, space diversity and polarization diversity. 2.The antennas main parameters are lobes (main lobes, side/back lobes), front-to-back ratio, half-power beamwidth ,antenna downtilt, polarization, frequency range, antenna impedance, mechanical size etc.. 3.The methods used to reduce interference are frequency hopping, DTX, power control based on qulality, adaptive antenna, optimized channel allocation.
Course Contents
Network Planning Procedure

1. Cellular planning principle 2. Network topology 3. Traffic estimation 4. Coverage planning 5. Frequency planning 6. Site selection 7. Transmission planning
Network Planning Principle
initial dimensioning
marketing
business plan transmission plan coverage plan traffic estimate Frequency plan final topology parameter plan
Scope of Network Planning

Operators requirements
Subscriber forecasts
External information
Terrain data Population data Bandwidth available
Coverage requirements Network planning Data acquisition Quality of service Site survey Recommended sites
Field measurement evaluation CW design and analysis Transmission plan
Network design
Number & configuration of BSC Antenna specifications BSS topology Frequency plan Network evolution strategy
Network performance
Gos Margin calculations Interference probabilities Quality observation
Input Data
Maps
Main city Important road Location of mountain range Inhabited area Shore line
Local knowledge
Typical architecture Structure of city
Demographic Data
Statistical yearbook
Largest town and city Population distribution Where are the expected subscribers
250 000 pop.
Local knowledge
Population migration route
400 000 pop.
Traffic volume Subscriber concentration area

300 000 pop.
Network Configuration
Estimate number of BTS needed
VERY rough initial estimation : total operators bandwidth = average number of TRX allowed per cell planned freq. reuse rate number of BTS needed for traffic reasons
Evaluate achievable cell coverage range

=f (topography, requirements, signal levels, environment, ...) number of BTS needed for coverage reasons
Finances
Marketing
Planning
Network Planning

Network Topology
Umbrella cell Macro cell Micro cell Pico cell
Macro Cell Network

Cost performance solution Suitable for covering large area

Large cell range High antenna position

Cell ranges 2 ..20km Used with low traffic volume

Typically rural area Road coverage
Normally Use omnidirectional antenna

Exception: Use beamed antenna for road coverage
Micro Cell Network

Capacity oriented network Suitable for high traffic area Mostly used with beamed cell
Cost performance solution Usage of available sites equipment
0,5 .. 2km
Typical application
Medium town Suburb
Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km
Cell coverage range
Achievable cell coverage depend on

Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz) Surroundings and environment Link budget figure Antenna type Antenna direction Minimum required signal level
Hexagons and Cells
Three cells ( three hexagons)

Traffic Estimation
Estimate number of subscribers

Long-term prediction Forecast Subscribers

Expected traffic load per subscriber Particular habits of subscribers Busy hour conditions
Busy hour of the day Traffic patterns
Traffic Planning
Estimation of expected traffic

Number of subscribers in area Traffic load per subscriber Coverage ==> traffic per sq.km ==> traffic per cell ==> number of TRX needed per BTS Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the bottleneck of the system
Traffic Patterns
Traffic
varies between different hours, estimated traffic must be
able to satisfy the peak loads. Busy hour traffic is typically twice that of the average.
100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 hr peak hour off-peak

Coverage Planning
external inputs:
(traffic, subs. forecast, coverage requirements...) Initial network dimensioning TRXs, cells, sites bandwidth needed NW topology
nominal cell plan

suggestions for site locations cell parameters coverage achieved
coverage prediction signal strength multi-path propagation
go to frequency planning
create cell data for BSC
coverage, ok? Y site acquisition
field measurements planning criteria fulfilled? N
real cell plan

Y site accepted ? N
Coverage Requirements

Rollout phases and time schedules Coverage requirement

Agree on min. level for outdoor coverage
phase 1 CW launch

Loss requirement Indoor coverage area Mobile classes Operators cell deployment strategies
Omni-cell site in rural area Directional site in urban area
rollout phase 3 rollout phase 2
Coverage Planning
Loss
Due to coverage Due to interference
Full coverage of an area can hardly be guaranteed ! common values: 90~95%
Network planning

Frequency Planning
Why we reuse the frequency? 8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320 users ==> max. 320 simultaneous calls!!!

Limited bandwidth Interference are unavoidable

Minimize total interference in network
Use calculated propagation prediction for frequency allocation
Frequency Planning
Target
Find solution to minimize interferences in the network
Traditional method
Hexagonal cell patterns Regular grid Cluster sizes
D
Frequency reuse distance: D = R *sqrt(3*cluster-size)

R
Frequency Planning
Frequency planning always consider the following case

Actual situation is different. Power control, actual traffic and distribution of subscribers.
Average frequency reuse rate is a criteria for good allocation scheme:
physical practical limit limit 10
20 safe, but uneconomical
Frequency Reuse
Reuse frequency as often as possible

Increase network capacity But maybe cause some interference
f2 f3 f5 f7 f2 f3 f5 f4 f6 f3 f5 f4 f5 f4 f7 f4 f6 R f5 f2 f4 f6 f3 f3 D f7 f6 f3 f5 f2 f4 f6 f3 f5 f2 f4 f7 f2
Consideration for frequency reuse

Interference matrix calculation Propagation model tuning Minimize total interference in network
Multiple Reuse Rate
Frequency reuse rate

measurement criteria for effectiveness of frequency plan Co-relationship : effectiveness Interaction with coverage planning Multiple reuse rate increase effectiveness of freq. plan interferences
12
15
18
21
same frequency in every cell (spread spectrum)
tight reuse planning (tight layer)
normal planning (TCH macro layer)
safe planning (BCCH layer)
Multiple reuse rate

Capacity increase with multiple reuse rate
e.g. network with 300 cells bandwidth : 8 MHz (40 radio channels)
W i cap.! N re usei
Single reuse (4X3)

Network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer: reuse =14, (14 freq.) normal TCH: reuse =10, (20 freq.) tight TCH layer: reuse = 6, (6 freq.) ==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX

Site Location

Cell performance has a close relationship with site location Site is long-term investment Site acquisition is a slow process Hundreds of sites needed per network
Site is a valuable long-term asset for the operator
Bad Site Location
Avoid hill-top location for site

Uncontrollable interference Cross coverage Bad handover behavior
wanted cell boundary
uncontrolled, strong interferences
cross coverage areas:
Good Site Location
Prefer site off the hill-top

Use hill to separate cell Contiguous coverage area Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above valley bottom
wanted cell boundary
Site Selection Criteria
Radio criteria
Good view in main beam direction No obstacles Good visibility of terrain Antenna installation situation LOS to next microwave site Short feeder length
Non-radio criteria
Space for equipment Availability of leased transmission line or microwave link Power supply Access restrictions House owner Rental costs
Site Acquisition Process
Site select radio planner site owner
measurement teams
network operator
fixed network planner
architect
Site Information
Questionnaire
Collect all necessary information about site Site coordinates, height above sea level, exact address House owner Type of building Building materials Possible antenna heights 360deg photo (clearance view) Neighborhood, surrounding environment Drawing sketch of rooftop Antenna installation conditions Access possibilities (road, roof) BTS location, approximately feeder lengths

Transmission Planning
A great portion of yearly network operational cost is transmission maintenance cost.
Transmission planning is for minimizing the overall cost

Radio part design
BTS BSS
Fixed part design

BTS MSC BSS BSC Hub BTS BTS
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
Transmission Concept
Transmission methods
CATV PCM ISDN HDSL ATM
Transmission techniques
PDH SDH
Transmission media
Fiber Coaxial cable Copper cable Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite
Microwave Links

High capacity transmission links, frequency range: 7~38 GHz
Normal transmission link

Needs extra frequencies Link quality depend on weather Not always available at ideal sites (LOS path) Long distance hops are problematic
Pro
Low operating costs Easy to install Flexible Quick & reliable solution
Repeater station Terminal station A Terminal station B
Basic Transmission Topologies

STAR (Concentration points)
POINT-TO-POINT
MULTIDROP CHAIN
LOOP
The basic criteria for choosing transmission topologies is Costs vs. Fail Safety (redundancy).
Network topology
Prefer centralized or decentralized network architecture

BTS MSC
BTS BSC BTS BTS
BTS
BSC/ MSC 2 small BSC plus cheap transmission 1 large BSC plus expensive transmission
BTS
BTS BTS
Course Contents
Advanced Network Planning

1. Network evolution 2. Indoor coverage 3. Tunnel coverage 4. Parameters
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell 5-50Km Early 80s
Macro Cell 1-5Km Mid-end 80s
Micro Cell 100m-1Km Mid 90s
Pico Cell 10m-100m Mid-end 90s
Macro Cell
Layered Network
Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station
Middle layer station
Low layer station
Low layer station
Low layer station Low layer station Indoors station
Indoor station
Indoors station Indoors station
Network Capacity evolution
Measure for network spectrum efficiency

Erl/ (MHz * sq.km)
Directed Retry
A function of
Bandwidth Frequency efficiency of technology Frequency reuse Cell size
Load HO Power Control Half-rate code DTX
multiple cell coverage Load distribution Frq. hopping

Why Indoors

Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality Outdoor cell cant provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Benefits
Continuous Coverage Low Transmission Powers (BTS/MS)

Dedicated Indoor Solution
Subscriber expectation Continuous Service Good Quality Safety MS Battery Life-time
Office Equipment Less Interference
Building Penetration Loss
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building penetration loss margin
Big differences between rooms with window and without window(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB

rear side : -18 ...-30 dB -15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Building Penetration Loss

Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials, e.g.:
mean value reinforced concrete wall, windows concrete wall, no windows concrete wall within building brick wall armed glass wood or plaster wall window glass 17 dB 30 dB 10 dB 9 dB 8 dB 6 dB 2 dB
Total building loss = median values + superimpose standard deviations + (lognormal) margin for higher probabilities
In-Building Path Loss
Simple path loss model for in-building environment

Outdoor loss: Okumuras formula Lout = 42,6 + 20 log( f ) + 26 .. 35 log( d ) Wall loss Lwall = f (material; angle) Indoor loss: linear model For Pico-Cells Lin = L0 +
building type old house commercial type open room, atrium
Lout
Lwall
Lin
d
loss 0,7 dB/m 0,5 dB/m 0,2 dB/m application example (urban l) (modern offices) (museum, train station)
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Small BTS
Mini BTS
Antennas
Distribute antenna Leaky cable
Repeater
Active Passive Optical
Signal distribution
Power splitter Optical fiber
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach
Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f1..f6 f1..f6
f5 f6 f5
f3 f4 f3
f1 f2 f1
Example1: 1.2 MHz allocation 50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% no frequency reuse: a) three floors 34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers b) ten floors 34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers
Example2: 1.2 MHz allocation 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2% reuse per two floor, separate frequencies within one floor: a) three floors 52.12 Erl => 842subs b) ten floors 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Leaky cable

Coaxial cable with perforated leads Radiating loss 10~40 dB per 100m Coupling loss typically 55 dB (at 1m) Produce constant field-strength along cable runs Work at wide-band Radiating loss become higher with high frequency Very large bending radius Formerly often used for tunnel coverage Expensive
Indoor Coverage Examples
With Repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna

Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
50m
-50 dBm
Outdoor Antenna Gain: 18 dBi
1:1
4th floor
50m 50m
1:1
1:1
3rd floor
50m 50m
7/8'' Cable Loss: 4dB / 50m Cable length : 25m
4th Floor 3rd Floor
1:1
1:1
2nd floor
50m 50m
2nd Floor 1st Floor
1:1:1
1:1
1st floor
50m 50m
Ground Floor Indoor Antenna Gain: 9dBi
1:1
ground floor
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building
Repeater
Types of Repeater
According to operating frequency
Wide-band Repeater Narrow-band Repeater
needs decoupling > amplification
According to working method

Passive Repeater Needs strong external signal, useful only with very short cables and seldom used Active Repeater Amplify and re-transmits all received signals
Repeater
Application examples
Coverage for low traffic area Remote valley Tunnel Underground coverage
The Bulb Principles
... is better than ...
Several smaller sites provide more indoor coverage area than a single large site
Newspaper Principles
The newspaper-principle
Indoor coverage may be expected in locations where there is no enough daylight to read a newspaper comfortably

Wave Propagation in Tunnels

Ideal antenna position: center of cross-section Distance to walls: min. 2 Tunnel cross-section shape unimportant, if Time dispersion decreases with distance Install antenna 50~100m before tunnel entrance Good signal coupling between successive tunnels > 10

Tunnels are very suitable environment for radio wave propagation
Tunnel Cross-Section

Filling factor determines propagation condition Typical range for filling factors
Road tunnels: 10% Metro: 60~90%
filling factor =----------

BSS Parameters
BSS Relevant Parameter for Network Planning

Frequency allocation plan Logical radio configuration Transmitting power Definition of neighboring cells Definition of location areas Handover parameters Power control parameters Cell selection parameters Radio link time-out counter Topology of BSC- BTS network
Handover Types

Intra-cell Inter-cell Inter-BSC Inter-MSC Inter-PLMN
same cell but different carrier or timeslot different cells (normal case) different BSC different MSC (technically feasible, not supported)
Intra-cell Inte-rcell
inter-BSC
Handover Criteria
9. MS Speed 10. Power Budget 11. Good C/I ratio 12. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (DL/UL)

1. Interference, UL and DL 2. Bad C/I ratio 3. Uplink Quality 4. Downlink Quality 5. Uplink Level 6. Downlink Level 7. Distance 8. Rapid Signal Drop

13. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (DL/UL)
Location Area Design
Location update affects all mobiles in network

Location update in idle mode Location update after call completion

Location update brings extra burden to the network Good location area design should avoid ping-pong location update
major road
Location area 2
Location area 1
Paging VS Location update Traffic

signaling traffic
function of user mobility
function of user density, cell size, call arrival rate ...
Paging
Location update
optimum number of cells in Loc. area
# of cells in Loc. area
minimize signaling traffic optimum varies with network evolution
Exercises
1. Write down the network evolution process. 2. Write down solution and equipment for indoor coverage. 3. Write down the types of handover.
Answer
1.The network evolution process is: Umbrella cell-> Macro cell >Micro cell->Picro cell 2. The solution and equipment for indoor coverage are:
Mini BTS, Repeater, antennas( distribute antenna, leaky cable), signal distribution( power splitter, optical fiber).
3.The handover types are: Inter BSC, Intra BSC, Intra cell, Inter cell, Inter MSC and Intra MSC.

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OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.

Wireless Training Department

Introduction to GSM Network

GSM System Architecture

HLR EIR AuC

Channel spacing 200kHz

Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

GSM 1800 : Channel spacing 200kHz

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800

GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar

Logical Channels ogical

GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture

Common Channels (CCH)

Dedicated Channels (DCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channels (TCH)

BCCH (Sys Info)

TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H

SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H TCH DCCH

Use of Logical Channels

Call setup Assign traffic channel Conversation Call release

Logical Channels Mapping

Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

BCCH + CCCH (uplink)

For combined BCCH

Common Channels (CCH)

Dedicated Channels (DCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channels (TCH)

BCCH (Sys Info)

TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H

Mobile Radio Link

Radio Link Propagation

Limited transmitting energy

Radio Propagation Environment

Multi-path propagation Shadowing Terrain Building Reflection Interference

Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

long echoes, out of equalizer window: self-interference

delay time equalizer window 16 Qs

Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Large scale variation

Correlation Prediction Planning method

> 100m predictable (maps, terrain database)

apply statistical thresholds for Rayleigh fading signals

Free- space propagation

 Polarization : material determining phase shift

Mobile Radio Link

Historical CCIR- Model for Radio station

Model used for 900 MHz

. L ! A  B log f  1382 log hb  a (hm )  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Lmorpho

Land Usage Types

Open, farmland Water

easy, smooth propagation conditions propagates very easily ==> dangerous !

Walfish- Ikegami Model

Mobil Radio Link

Coupling Between Antennas

Minimum coupling loss

Horizontal decoupling distance depends on

Directional antenna Antenna downtilt

3/8 5/8 7/8 1 5/8

Polarization : material determining phase shift

. L ! A B log f 1382 log hb a (hm ) (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Lmorpho

Frequency reuse distance: D = R sqrt(3cluster-size)