FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY

ELECTRICITY - a general term encompassing a variety of
phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.

ELECTRIC CHARGE - a physical property of matter which

causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter. Typicallly measured in coulombs. - Electric charge comes in two types,called positive and negative

ELECTRIC CURRENT - a movement or flow of electrically

charged particles, typically measured in amperes. DC current AC current

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ELECTRIC FIELD

- an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity. - a force that surrounds an electrically charged particle.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
- the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts.

ELECTROMAGNETISM
- direct relationship between electricity and magnetism - magnetic existed around a wire carrying an electric current, and magnet induce around a coil of wire produces electric current.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
EGYPTIANS, 2750 BC
- presence of electricity from living organism (eel, catfish, torpedo fish and sting rays

THALES, 500 BC / PLATO, 300BC

- property of amber to attract objects.

WILLIAM GILBERT, 1600 AD

- discovered that materials like diamond, glass and wax behave like amber. Devised the word electrics, a term based from electrum the latin word for amber.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS SIR THOMAS BROWNE, 1646 AD

- devised the word electricity

STEPHEN GREY, 1729 AD

- identify materials that conducts electricity and other materials that do not conduct.

LUIGI GALVANI, 1786 AD

- bio electricity

ALESSANDRO VOLTA
- first battery, voltaic pile

HANS CHRISTEN OERSTED, ANDRE AMPERE 1820

- current has magnetic effect

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS MICHAEL FARADAY AND JOSEPH HENRY, 1831
- Magnet induce electric current in a coil of wire - invention generator and transformer from principles formulated by the two above.

THOMAS EDISON, 1879

- advocates the use of direct current (DC System). - culminates the first DC electric light powered Pearl St. in New York City.

NIKOLA TESLA, 1893

- designed the first hydroelectric power plant in Niagara Falls that produces AC current.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
Dynamic Electricity (Electrodynamics)
- electricity that flows through a substance or over its surface in the form of electric current.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Static Electricity (Electrostatics)

- a form of electricity that appears to remain on surface of a body as a charge.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

MAGNET AND MAGNETISM

MAGNET
- An ore which had the property of attracting pieces of iron, steel and other metals.

MAGNETISM
- the attractive power of a magnet

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ARTIFICIAL MAGNET

- a bar of steel rubbed with a natural magnet

MAGNETIC POLES
- a pole of magnet that will point towards the geomagnetic poles of the earth.

MAGNETIC ATTRACTION & REPULSION

- like magnets repel, unlike magnets attract

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ELECTROMAGNET

- essentially a coil in which magnetic circuit is partly or entirely completed through a magnetic material such as iron.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

CLASSES OF MAGNETS - NATURAL MAGNETS - PERMANENT MAGNETS - ELECTROMAGNETS.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. MECHANICAL. Electrostatic (by friction)
- when certain materials are rubbed togetjer, electrons are transferred by friction from one to another, hence it become electrically charge

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
MECHANICAL. Electromagnetism
- relative motion of a conductor with respect to magnetic field, a process known as induction. - generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Alternator
- generator that produces alternating current

Electric motor
- converts electrical power to mechanical power

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
2. CHEMICAL REACTION.
- One or more electrochemical cells that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy

Battery
Historical accounts: 1. BAGHDAD BATTERY

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Battery

Historical accounts: 2. LEYDEN JAR - invented independently by
German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden (Leyden) in 17451746. - elctrostatic generator, stores static electricity

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Battery

Historical accounts: 2. VOLTAIC PILE - first electric battery invented by
Allesandro Volta in 1800.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 2 CATEGORIES OF BATTERY 1. PRIMARY BATTERIES

- disposable batteries

2. SECONDARY BATTERIES
- rechargeable or reusable batteries

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS BATTERY CELL TYPES: 1. WET CELL
- battery with liquid electrolytic solution, also known as flooded battery. - widely use in automobile industry, standy power for switchgear, telecom or large ininterrupted power supply. - gel cell, technological advancement of wet cell battery - lead-acid batteries

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS BATTERY CELL TYPES: 2. DRY CELL
- electrolyte is in paste form, so as not to spill the electrolytes - battery can be operated in random position - common dry cell batteries include, zinc-carbon battery and alkaline battery

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS BATTERY CELL TYPES: 3. MOLTEN SALT
- a primary or secondary battery
that uses a molten salt as its electrolyte. - Their energy density and power density give them potential for use in electric vehicles, but they must be carefully insulated to retain heat.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS BATTERY CELL TYPES: 4. SOLAR CELL (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
- a solid state electrical device that
converts the energy of light directly intoelectricity by the photovoltaic effect .

Polycrystalline photovoltaic cells.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
3. PHOTO ELECTRIC.
- conversion Light energy into electrical energy.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
4. NUCLEAR POWER.
- the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and do useful work. Nuclear Electric Plants, Nuclear Ships and Submarines use controlled nuclear energy to heat water and produce steam

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Direct Current (DC).
- Flows in one direction only - the flow is said to be from negative to positive. - common source of DC current are batteries

2. Alternating Current (AC).

- a current that changes in both strength and direction in a given time. - alternating current is produce by an AC generator commonly referred as alternator

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

SOME FACTS ABOUT DC AND AC DC

DC is produced by a DC generator having a commutator which rectifies

AC
AC is produced by AC generator called ALTERNATOR

AC to DC

Electric current flows at a constant time rate and in the same direction, hence it has no frequency

Electric current flows in varying time and direction along the time axis creating a cycle

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

DC
Expensive - Produced in plants with high current carrying wires, thus needs large section of conductors Cannot use transformers to step up/step down voltage Power produced for short distance only If use in motors, it gives precise revolution per minute (RPM)

AC
Cheaper - Electricity transmitted with low current and high voltage through smaller conductors Uses transformers to step up/step down voltage Power transmitted much longer distance than AC Do not produce precise RPM due to voltage drop

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

DC
Can be stored in batteries

AC
Can not be stored in batteries Extensively use in residential, industrial and commercial applications

Use in special applications such as elevators, escalators, and communication system

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL UNITS
Ampere (A,amps)
- basic SI unit of electric current

Henry (H)
- basic SI unit of inductance

Coulomb (C)
- basic SI unit of electric charge -1 coulomb = 1 amp/sec = 3,600 amp/hr

Hertz (Hz)
- basic SI unit of frequency - cycle per unit of time

Farad (F)
- basic SI unit of capacitance

Joule
- unit of electrical energy also called as watt-second

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL UNITS
Ohm ( )
- basic SI unit of electrical resistance - resistance of a conductor

Watt (W)
- basic SI unit of power Watts or volt-ampere in Electrical power (lights, heating appliances) Horsepower (hp) for mechanical power (motor) 1hp = 746 watts

Volt (V)
-SI unit of potential difference and electromotive force

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

OHMS LAW
I (amp) = V (Volts) / R (Ohms) The current, I, that will flow in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage ,V, and inversely proportional to the resistance , R, of the circuit.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

POWER FORMULA
I (amp) = P (Watts) / V (Volts) POWER the rate at which work is done; the rate at which heat is generated

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS