Lecture 4 Active Filter (Part I)

Introduction of passive and active filter Categories of filter

Low pass, high pass, band-pass, band stop (notch)

Butterworth/chebyshev/Bessel response Poles and multiple stages Transfer Function Bode Plot

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EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

Book references
Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and Design, By Muhammad H. Rashid (PWS Publishing Company) Microelectronic Circuit Design, By Richard C. Jaeger and Travis N. Blalock (Mc Graw Hill) Introduction to Filter Theory, By David E. Johnson (Prentice Hall)

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EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

Passive Filters
made up of passive components - resistors, capacitors and inductors no amplifying elements (- transistors, op-amps, etc) no signal gain 1st order - design is simple (just use standard equations to find resonant frequency of the circuit) 2nd order - complex equations require no power supplies not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of the op-amps can be used at very high frequencies can handle larger current or voltage levels than active devices buffer amplifiers might be required
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Passive elements : Inductor BIG PROBLEM!

high accuracy (1% or 2%), small physical size, or large inductance values are required ?? standard values of inductors are not very closely spaced difficult to find an off-the-shelf inductor within 10 percent of any arbitrary value adjustable inductors are used tuning such inductors to the required values is timeconsuming and expensive for larger quantities of filters inductors are often prohibitively expensive
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Active Filter
no inductors made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors provides virtually any arbitrary gain generally easier to design high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load at high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth of the op-amps easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response
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Categories of Filters
Low Pass Filters: pass all frequencies from dc up to the upper cutoff frequency. High Pass Filters: pass all frequencies that are above its lower cutoff frequency
-3d

-3d

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Av(d

f2

Low-pass response

High-pass response
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EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

Av(d

f1

Categories of Filters
Band Pass Filters: pass only the frequencies that fall between its values of the lower and upper cutoff frequencies.
-3d

Band Stop (Notch) Filters: eliminate all signals within the stop band while passing all frequencies outside this band.
-3d

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Av(d

f1

f2

f f1 f2

and Pass Response

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Av(d

and Stop Response

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Filter Response Characteristics

Av

Butterworth Bessel Chebyshev

f
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Bessel Characteristic
Flat response in the passband. Role-off rate less than 20dB/decade/pole. Phase response is linear. Used for filtering pulse waveforms without distorting the shape of the waveform.
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Av

EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

Butterworth Characteristic
Very flat amplitude, Av(dB) , response in the passband. Role-off rate is 20dB/decade/pole. Phase response is not linear. Used when all frequencies in the passband must have the same gain. Often referred to as a maximally flat response.
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Av

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Chebyshev Characteristic
Overshoot or ripples in the passband. Role-off rate greater than 20dB/decade/pole. Phase response is not linear - worse than Butterworth. Used when a rapid rolloff is required.
Av

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Pole
A pole is nothing more than an RC circuit n-pole filter p contains n-RC circuit.

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Single-Pole Low/High-Pass Filter

+V R1 vin C1 vout
+V C1 v in R1 v out

-V

Rf1

-V

R f1

Rf2

R f2

Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter

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Two-Pole (Sallen-Key) Filters

C2 +V R2 vin C1 vout R1
C2 v in R1 vout C1 R2 +V

-V

Rf1

-V

R f1

Rf2

R f2

Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter

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Three-Pole Low-Pass Filter

Stage 1
C2 +V R2 v in C1 R1

Stage 2

+
R3

+V

+
v out

-V

R f1

C3

-V R f2

R f3

R f4

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Two-Stage Band-Pass Filter

2

R4

R2 vin

R1

+
4 3

+
1

Rf1 Rf2

R3

Rf3 Rf4

vout

tage 1 Two- ole low- ass

Av

tage 2 Two- ole high- ass

Stage 2 response

BW

Stage 1 response

BW = f2 f1 Q = f0 / BW
f2 f

f1

fo

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Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filter

C2 +V R1 vin C1 R2 Rf

+
-V vout

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Band-Stop (Notch) Filter

The notch filter is designed to block all frequencies that fall within its bandwidth. The circuit is made up of a high pass filter, a low-pass filter and a summing amplifier. The summing amplifier will have an output that is equal to the sum of the filter output voltages.
ow pass filter Summing amplifier

Av(dB)
low-pass high-pass

f1

-3dB

vin

High pass filter

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vout
f f1 f2

f2

Block diagram
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Frequency response
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Notch filter

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Transfer function H(j[)

Vi Transfer Function

H ( j[ )

Vo

Vo ( j[ ) H ( j[ ) ! Vi ( j[ )

H ! Re( H ) 2  Im( H ) 2
Im( H ) H ! tan Re( H )
1

H ! e( H )  j Im(H )

Re( H ) H0

Im( H ) H ! 180 o  tan 1 Re( H )

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e(H ) R 0
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Frequency transfer function of filter H(j[)

(I) Low - Pass Filter H ( j[ ) ! 1 H ( j[ ) ! 0 f fo f " fo (I ) Band - top ( otch) Filter H ( j[ ) ! 0 H ( j[ ) ! 1 ( ) fo fL f f fH f L and f " f H

(II) High - Pass Filter H ( j[ ) ! 0 H ( j[ ) ! 1 f f " fo

ll - Pass (or phase - shi t) Filter or all f

H ( j[ ) ! 1

has a speci ic phase response

(III) Band - Pass Filter H ( j[ ) ! 1 H ( j[ ) ! 0 fL f f fH f L and f " f H

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Passive single pole low pass filter

R Vi C Vo

or
H ( s) !
where

Vo !

XC Vi XC  R

[0 s  [0

1 1 j[ C Vo ! Vi ! Vi 1 1  j[CR R j[ C
H ( j[ ) ! 1 1 j
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s ! j[
[ J ([ ) !  tan 1 [ 0
1 RC
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[ [0

where [ o !

EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

H ( j[ ) ! Vo !

1 1  j[CR

[ p 0 `Vo` = `Vi` n max. value [ p `Vo` = 0 n min. value

vo
vo
m ax

1 Vi 1  j[CR
vo

1 [! RC 1 Vo ! Vi 1 j

`Vo` = ??

m ax

[c
H ( j[ )
1 1 2

1 1 Vo ! 2 2 Vi ! Vi 2 1 1
1 (cut - off frequency) [ c ! [o ! RC
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[c
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Decibel (dB)
(1) Power Gain in dB :
Pin Pout

P By Definition: dB ! 10 log10 2 P 1 (2) Voltage Gain in dB: (P=V2/R)

vin vout

P Ap ( dB ) ! 10 log10 o P in

vo Av ( dB ) ! 20 log10 v in

Pin 0d ! 10 log10 P in
1P in  3dB ! 10 log10 2 Pin

v 0dB ! 20 log10 in v in
1 vin  6dB ! 20 log10 2 vin

2P  3dB ! 10 log10 in P in Ref:080222HKN

2v  6dB ! 20 log10 in v in EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1)

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Cascaded System
vin Av1
x10 20dB

Av2
x10 20dB

Av3
x10 20dB

vout

Av ! Av1 v Av 2 v Av 3
Av ! 10 v 10 v 10 ! 103
Av ( dB ) ! 20 log10 Av 1 v Av 2 v Av 3
Av (dB ) ! 20 log10 Av 1  20 log10 Av 2  20 log10 Av 3

Av (dB ) ! Av1 dB  Av 2 dB  Av 3 dB

Av ( dB ) ! 20dB  20dB  20dB Av ( dB ) ! 60dB

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20 log10 10 ! 20dB 20 log10  3 ! 60dB 10

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Bode Plot (single pole)

H ( j[ ) ! 1 ! 1  j[CR 1 [ 1  j [ o
2

R Vi C Vo

H ( j[ ) !

1 [ 1 [ o
Single pole low-pass filter

H ( j[ ) dB

! 20 log10 H ( j[ ) ! 20 log10 1

[ 1 [ o

For [>>[o
[ H ( j[ ) dB } 20 log10 [ o
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H ( j[ )

[ 20 log10 [ o

[ 2 ! For octave apart, [o 1 [ 10 ! For decade apart, [o 1

H ( j[ ) dB

H ( j[ ) } 6dB

H ( j[ ) } 20dB
10[ x [ (log)

[x

2[ x

6d

slope -6d /octave -20d /decade

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20d

Bode plot (Two-pole)

R1 vi R2 vo

[o1 { [o 2
H ( j[ ) ! 20 log10 1
2 2 [ [ 1 1 [ [ o1 o 2

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