SMART CARD RAILWAY TICKET(WITHOUT RTC)

MALVIKA VARMA-08J81A0478 VARMAA.KAVYAA.KAVYA-08J81A0472

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a specialpurpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In the earliest years of computers in the 1940s, computers were sometimes dedicated to a single task, but were too large to be considered "embedded". By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices, a trend which has continued since.

EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSYTEM

Automatic

teller machines (ATMs) Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles

 Handheld

calculators  Personal digital assistant  Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.  Videogame consoles  Medical equipment

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. y Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. y An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically built-in to the device it is controlling.
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APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Networked information appliances using the HP Chai Appliance PlatformCRM, Platform locationlocation-based services y Windows XP embedded applications air conditioner remote control, audio player remote control, typing speed indicator, database application, electronic voting. y Real-time systems using RealRTLinux RTLinuxprinting, messaging y Communications systems for protocol conversion and VoIP.
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SMART CARD
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A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is defined as any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process information. This implies that it can receive input which is processed - by way of the ICC applications - and delivered as an output.

There are two broad categories of ICCs. y Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. y The card is made of plastic, generally PVC, but sometimes ABS. The card may embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CARD

Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO 7810 standard defines them as 85.60 53.98 mm. Another popular size is ID-000 which is 25 x 15 mm. Both are .76 mm thick. y Contains a security system and is capable of providing security services y Card data is transferred to the central administration system through card reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs etc. y Benefit: Smart cards provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure way with minimal human intervention and in a standard way.
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HISTORY OF SMART CARD



The first mass use of the cards was for payment in French pay phones, starting in 1983 (Tlcarte). Roland Moreno actually patented his first concept of the memory card in 1974. In 1977, Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card. In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM (Self Programmable One-chip Microcomputer) A Finnish smart card, combining credit card and debit card properties. The 3 by 5 mm security chip embedded in the card is shown enlarged in the inset.The gold contact pads on the card enables electronic access to the chip.

 Smart

cards with contactless interfaces are becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit.  Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implement version currently being deployed (2004-2006) in the USA.  Smart cards are also being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels.

CONTACT SMART CARD



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Contact smart cards have a small gold chip about 1cm by 1cm on the front. When inserted into a reader, the chip makes contact with electrical connectors that can read information from the chip and write information back. The ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC 7810 series of standards define: the physical shape the positions and shapes of the electrical connectors the electrical characteristics the communications protocols the format of the commands sent to the card and the responses returned by the card robustness of the card the functionality The cards do not contain batteries; energy is supplied by the card reader.

CONTACT LESS SMART CARD

A second type is the contact less smart card, in which the chip communicates with the card reader through RFID induction technology (at data rates of 106 to 848 Kbit/s). y The standard for contact less smart card communications is ISO/IEC 14443, dated 2001. y It defines two types of contact less cards ("A" and "B"), allows for communications at distances up to 10 cm. y There had been proposals for ISO 14443 types C, D, E and F that have been rejected by the International Organization for Standardization.
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COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
NAME
T=0

DESCRIPTION
Byte level transmission protocol

T=1

Block level transmission protocol

T=CL

APDU transmission via contact less interface ISO 14443

SMART CARD APPLICATION AREAS

INDUSTRY
Accountants
Automobile dealers Computers Security Hotels Retails

APPLICATIONS
Business cards, client ID cards, promotions, calendar cards VIN ID cards, dealer loyalty cards, discount cards, warranty cards Warranty cards, customer support, Internet access numbers, discounts Access control, name badges Discount cards, frequency cards, key cards, employee ID badges Customer cards, check cashing cards, discount cards, loyalty cards

ADVANTAGES OF SMART CARD

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The capacity provided by the on-board microprocessor and data capacity for highly secure, off-line processing. Adherence to international standards, ensuring multiple vendor sources and competitive prices. Established track record in real world applications. Durability and long expected life span (guaranteed by vendor for up to 10,000 read/writes before failure). Secure independent data storage on one single card.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMART CARD FOR RAILWAY TICKET

Power Supply LCD Microcontroller

Smart card reader module

Keypad

OPERATION
IN OUR PROJECT |SMART CARD BASED RAIL TICKET} MICRO CONTROLLER IS THE HEART OF THE PROJECT. IT CONTROLS WHOLE EQUIPMENT. WHEN EVER WE INSERT THE SMART CARD INITIALLY IT DISPLAYS HOW MANY BERTHS AVAILABLE IN COMPARTMENT, WHICH ARE ALREADY STORED . AFTER INSERTING THE SMART CARD THE MICRO CONTROLLER ALLOWS THE KEY PAD TO ENTER THE DESTINATION PLACE. CHARGES CORRESPONDING TO THE PLACES WHICH THE TRAIN TRAVELS ARE DISPLAYED ON THE LCD, WHEN THE SMART CARD IS ACCEPTED.

POWER SUPPLY GIVES POWER TO THE COMPONENTS WHEN THEY REQUIRE. WHEN EVER WE GIVE THE NAME OF THE DESTINATION BY USING KEY PAD, CORRESPONDING CHARGES AND NUMBER OF BERTHS WILL DECREASES FROM THE LIST. ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READONLY MEMORY IS A NONVOLATILE STORAGE CHIP USED IN COMPUTERS AND OTHER DEVICES TO STORE SMALL AMOUNTS OF VOLATILE DATA. IF THE NUMBER OF BERTHS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO

MICROCONTROLLER
FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER  Compatible with MCS-51 Products  4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles.  Fully Static Operation: 0Hz to 24MHz  Three-level Program Memory Lock

 128

x 8- bit Internal RAM  32 Programmable I/O Lines  Two 16-bit Timer/Counters  Six Interrupt Sources  Programmable Serial Channel  Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

CIRCUIT OF 8051

KEIL
KEIL CROSS C COMPILER  It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying another list of controls.  Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory.

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PROJECT FILES HAVE THE EXTENSION SUCH AS SIMULATOR/DEB UGGER. y KEIL GREATLY SIMPLIFIES THE PROCESS OF CREATING AND TESTING AN

CIRCUIT OF SMART CARD

WORK CARRIED OUT

In our project smart card based rail ticket micro controller is the heart of the project. It controls whole equipment. y The technology used in this are microcontroller, lcd, smart card reading module , keypad. y It has been a great pleasure for me to work on this project.
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FUTURE WORK
The objective of the project is to design a microcontroller based smart card processor for rail way ticket. y Smart cards provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure way with minimal human intervention and in a standard way. y In future we have to maintain all the technological data and information through the latest online based information. y This project is very useful and shows the positive side of technology.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System - M.A Mazidi & J.G Mazidi The Microcontroller Idea Book - John Axelson The Microcontroller Application Cookbook - Matt Gilliland

ANY QUERIES!!