SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH INTEGRASI GOPENG

CHAPTER 3 : COORDINATION & RESPONSE

Prepared by :EN. MUHD FAZLI BIN DOLLAH Biology Teacher
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the role of nervous system,

To draw & label a diagram to show the organisation of the

nervous system,

To name the main parts of the brain & state their functions

 Body activities are controlled & coordinated by

the nervous system & the endocrine system.

Nervous system sending out nerve impulses.

Endocrine system secreting hormones Nervous system only found in animals. Hormones can be found in both animals &
plants.

The Role of the Nervous System

a) Important in detecting changes in the

external as well as internal environment.

b) Sends nerve impulses to effectors so as to

respond appropriately to the changes.

c) Coordinates various functions & activities

which occur inside the body.

Organisation of the nervous system

made up of the Central Nervous System (CNS) & the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Brain

Spinal Cord

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

 The CNS consist of the brain & the spinal

cord.

The PNS consist of nerves which emerge

from the CNS [brain 12 pairs of cranial nerves, spinal cord 31 pairs of spinal nerves].

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Human Brain
The expanded anterior end of the spinal cord.
Weight = 1.5 kg & controls all parts of the body (directly @ indirectly). meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found between these layer. supply the neurones in the brain with O2 & nutrients & removes waste product.
brain, interior of the brain is made up of white matter.

Surrounded by protective membranes called the

Grey matter forms the outer part of the human

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 Grey matter contains

BRAIN

the cell bodies of neurones White matter contains the myelinated axons of the neurones.

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 The biggest part of the brain. Made up of 2 cerebral

Cerebrum
hemispheres. The centre for thinking, reasoning, speech & memory. It integrates impulses from various sensory organs & receptors. Initiates & controls all voluntary actions (walking, writing, singing)
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CEREBELLUM

-Made up of grey matter

(outside) & white matter (inside).

-Has 2 hemispheres.
-Coordinates movement &
maintains body balance.

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Medulla Oblongata

Controls & coordinates all involuntary actions. Digestion, respiration, & heart beat.
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PARTS

NOTES

Pituitary gland

At the base of the cerebrum. Secreting various hormones to control body functions such
as growth, osmoregulation & reproduction
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HYPOTHALAMUS Above the pituitary gland.

Contains several

important centres that control body temperature, osmoregulation, sexual function, thirst, hunger, emotional activity & sleep
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 Made up of 2 masses of
grey matter.

THALAMUS

Lies deep in the cerebral

hemispheres.

Contain stations for

impulses that enter the brain

Gives us the awareness

of impulses as sensations such as pain, touch & temperature.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
To draw & label a diagram of a cross section of
the spinal cord,

To state the main functions of the spinal cord,

To label the structure of an efferent neurone,

To identify the type of the neurone from
diagrams given,
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SPINAL CORD

A dorsal cylinder of neurones

extending from the rain downwards to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.

Protected & enclosed by

membranes called meninges & by the vertebral column.

To relay messages to & from the

brain & in some instances, processes, that is, integrates, sensory information directly reflex action (knee jerk response)

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 The central area (grey matter) made up of motor neurone cell

bodies, synapes & unmyelinated interneurones. neurones

Lighter area (white matter) largely composed of myelinated

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 Each side of the

spinal cord are 31 pairs of projections = roots. a dorsal root & a ventral root.

Each pair consists of The roots unite to

form a spinal nerve. ganglion (a cluster of cell bodies of neurones)

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The dorsal root has a

Two main functions of spinal cord :

Connects the peripheral nervous system

to the brain. (sensory organ SC brain SC effectors)

Acts as a minor integrating centre in

producing simple reflex responses such as the withdrawal of the hand from the hot object.

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NEURONE
A nerve cell
Dendrites & dendrons function in
receiving nerve impulses & transmitting them to the cell body.

The axon transmits impulses

from the cell body to the terminal dendrites.

The end of each terminal dendrite

is a knob known as the synaptic knob transmitting impulses to
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 The myelin sheath is a fatty

material which surrounds the axon except at the nodes of Ranvier speeding up the transmission of impulses. (impulses hop from one node of Ranvier to the next).

3 types of neurones sensory

neurone (afferent neurone), interneurone (relay neurone) & motor neurone (efferent neurone).
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TYPES SENSORY NEURONE (AFFERENT NEURONE)

FUNCTION

Receives impulses from the

sensory organs / receptors & transmits them to the central nervous system to be interrupted.

INTERNEUR ONE (RELAY NEURONE)

Transmits impulses from the

central nervous system to the effector organs to elicit responses.

MOTOR NEURONE (EFFERENT NEURONE)

Join the sensory organs with the

motor neurones.

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The mode of transmission of information along the neurone Information is transmitted along a
neurone (electric charges)

A neurone is at rest pump out Na+,

pump in K+ by active transport (sodiumpotassium pump)

When the neurone is stimulated the

sodium-potassium pump breaks down & the ions move in the opposite direction.
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The pathway of transmission of information from receptor to effectors

Stimuli are received by

receptors send out information in the form of nerve impulses Transmitted along the sensory neurone to the CNS integrates & interprets the information send out impulses to the effectors via motor neurone effector response is elicited.
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 Synapse = a location where a neurone transfers

its impulse to another neurone.

Transmission of information across a synapse

2 neighbouring neurones are not directly

connected together but are separated by a very narrow gap = synaptic cleft ends in a synaptic knob.

Each terminal dendrite of a pre-synaptic neurone

The synaptic knob is separated from a dendrite
of the post-synaptic knob by a synapse @ synaptic cleft.
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 Transmission of information/nerve impulse along a

neurone occurs in the form of electric signals, the transmission of information/ nerve impulse across a synapse occurs by chemical means. synaptic vesicles contain chemicals known as neurotransmitter (acetylcholine & noradrenaline).

Within each synaptic knob can be found numerous When an impulse arrives at the terminal dendrite, The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic
cleft & finally arrives at the dendrite of the postsynaptic neurone & excites it to produce an impulse.
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synaptic vesicles in the synaptic knobs will release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

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The role of the synapse

Enable a neurone to have connection with
many othe neurones makes us more sensitive to stimuli, enable to produce multiple responses.

Ensure that impulses flow in one direction

only, from a terminal dendrite of one neurone to the dendrite of the next neurone because neurotransmitters are only produced by terminal dendrites.
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VOLUNTARY ACTION & INVOLUNTARY ACTION

Voluntary action = an action which under ones

conscious control. (writing, walking, eating, raising) effector organ (hand) response

Initiated by the cerebrum. Cerebrum Impulses

Involuntary action = an action which cannot be

controlled by our conscious mind. Not involve the cerebrum but rather the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord. (knee-jerk response)

May involve skeletal muscles or smooth muscle.

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 Examples of involuntary action : the

regulation of blood pressure, the beating of heart, secretion of a gland (sweating during hot)

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Reflex Action & Reflex Arc

Reflex action = rapid response which is obtained
automatically without conscious thought.

Examples :
Rapid & automatic withdrawal of hand when it accidentally touches a hot object Automatic closing of the eyes when an insect flys towards the eyes The knee-jerk reflex

Reflex arc = the pathway of a transmission of nerve

impulse which produces a reflex action
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 A reflex action which involves the brain =

cranial reflex

A reflex action which involves the spinal

cord = spinal reflex

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DISEASES RELATED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARKINSONS DISEASE (PARKINSONISM)

Caused by progressive

degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain.

The brain releases less of a

neurotransmitter called dopamine. Leads to tremors of the hands & legs & rigidity of parts of the body.

Appears wide-eyed with

uncontrolled drooling.

Vision, hearing & intelligence

are not affected.
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EPILEPSY
The most common disorders of the brain. Short, recurrent attacks (epileptic
seizures) initiated by the discharge of electricity from millions of nuerones in the brain sensory organs & effector organs may be stimulated. The person may see, hear or smell something which is actually non-existent. Skeletal muscle may contract involuntary, lose urinary & bowel control.
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MULTIPLES SCLEROSIS
Caused by progressive destruction & scarring of
the myelin sheath of neurones in the central nervous system.

Affects young & middle-aged adults.

Unsteady gait, shaky limbs, rapid involuntary
movements of eyes & speech difficulties.
a viral infection.

Suspected to be due to an abnormal response to

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poliomyelitis
Caused by an infection of nerves by the
poliovirus paralysis.

Usually occurs during childhood. The GM of the SC is destroyed.

Infection of the brain may cause death.
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Alzheimers disease
A disorder of elderly folks. Caused by degeneration of neurones in
the brain

Intellectual impairment, memory loss,

confusion, irritability & loss of orientation in time & space.

No treatment.
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