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Original designed as a 2.94 Mbps system to connect 100 computers on a 1 km cable. Later, Xerox, DEC and Intel drew up a standard support 10 Mbps. for the IEEEs 802.3 specification.
Basis
Ethernet
The MAC sublayer governs the operation of the random access method. Standard Ethernet uses CSMA/CD with 1-persistent. Ethernet dose not provide any mechanism for acknowledging received frames( unreliable medium). It also frames data received from the upper layer and passes them to the physical layer.
Preamble
- A sequences of 64 bits used for synchronization. - Begin reading the signal before the frame data arrives.
- 1 byte.
Length or Type
-Defines either the number of bytes in the data field or defines the type of frame being sent or received.
Data field
- Minimum- 46 bytes -Maximum- 1500 bytes
CRC
- Error detection information.
Use Manchester Encoding. One voltage change per bit. For a 1, a voltage change from 1 to 0. For a 0, a voltage change from 0 to 1.
There are two Media Access Control(MAC) protocols defined for Ethernet. Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Half-Duplex is the traditional form of Ethernet that uses the CSMA/CD protocol. Full-Duplex bypasses the CSMA/CD protocol Full-duplex mode allows two stations to simultaneously exchange data over a point to point link that provides independent transmit and receive paths
Half-Duplex Ethernet is the traditional form of Ethernet that uses the CSMA/CD.
Half duplex Ethernet assumes that all the normal rules of the Ethernet are in effect of local area network.
Send data to node D Transmitted packet seen by all stations on the LAN (broadcast medium)
Data
A network station wishing to transmit will first check the cable to ensure that no other station is currently transmitting (CARRIER SENSE).
The communications medium is one cable, therefore, it does allow multiple stations access to it with all being able to transmit and receive on the same cable (MULTIPLE ACCESS). Error detection is implemented throughout the use of a station "listening" while it is transmitting its data. Two or more stations transmitting causes a collision(COLLISION DETECTION).
A jam signal is transmitted to network by the transmitting stations that detected the collision, to ensure that all stations know of the collision. All stations will backoff for a random time. Detection and Retransmission is accomplished in microseconds.
Based on the IEEE 802.3x standard, Full duplex Mac type bypasses CSMA/CD. Allows two stations to transmit simultaneously exchange data over a point to point link. The aggregate throughput of the link is doubled.
FAST ETHERNET
100 Mbps bandwidth. Uses the same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet. 100BaseTx and 100BaseFx standards. Fill duplex or Half duplex operations.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
1 Gbps bandwidth. Uses the same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet. 100BaseTx,100BaseSx (Multimode fiber) and 100BaseLx (Multimode or singlemode)standards.
10GIGABIT ETHERNET
10 Gbps bandwidth. Uses the same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet. 100BaseLR(Singlemode fiber) and 100BaseER(Singlemode fiber)