SEMINAR

BY-M R ANAND SAGAR

WHY NEED FOR NEW ECO

FRIENDLY SOURCE OF ENERGY HARVESTING

CURRENT PROBLEM
more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels.

FUTURE PROBLEM
The American Petroleum Institute estimated in 1999 that the world's oil supply would be depleted between 2062 and 2094 by 2005 that proportion had dropped to about 8%

SOME ECO FRIENDLY SOURCE OF ENERGY ARE :

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
TIDAL ENENGY NUCLEAR ENENGY

Space-based solar power

CONCEPT
To generate power in space for use on Earth

INDRODUCTION
It is putting the solar panels in space where the sun is always shining. Solar cells will convert solar energy into electrical energy. The power would then be beamed to Earth in the form of some sort of electromagnetic waves, likely lasers or microwaves, to a ground-based station that could then deliver power to customers over existing transmission lines

PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS
Public Outreach Experiment

Financial
Public Acceptance

Space Transportation
Mapping of Exclusion Areas Potential of Laser for SBSP Power Transmission Microwave Receiving Antenna Facilities Power Transmission and Reception

WORKING
Converting solar energy into electro magnetic waves Beaming electro magnetic waves towards the rectenna Converting electro magnetic waves into electric energy Transmitting electric energy to the consumers

SYSTEM CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND AGAIN CONVERTING TO EM WAVES

BEAMING OF E-M WAVES

EM WAVES REACHING THE RECEIVER SIDE

RECTENNA RECEIVING THE EM WAVES

EM WAVES CONVERTED BACK INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY SEND TO THE CONSUMERS

WHY TO PUT SOLAR CELLS IN SPACE WHY NOT ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH

SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF ENERGY REFLECTED BACK INTO SPACE

Approximately 30 percent of SOLAR ENERGY is reflected directly back by the atmosphere and by clouds

SOLAR ENERGY EVEN AT NIGHT

MULTIPLE REFLECTORS CAN BE USED TO SEND LIGHT TO DARK PLACES & ELECTROMAGNETI C WAVES CAN BE TRANSMITTED ANY WHERE AT ANY TIME

SPACE-BASED SOLAR POWER ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS:

a means of collecting solar power in space,

a means of transmitting power to earth

a means of receiving power on earth

A MEANS OF COLLECTING SOLAR POWER IN SPACE

SOLAR CELLS Extremely high efficiency solar cells are essential

Now a days triple junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells are used in satellites .
Its efficiency is 40.4% Normal solar cells capable of generating 1W Costs around 3-4 $

A MEANS OF TRANSMITTING POWER TO EARTH

MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMITERS OR CAVITY MAGNETRON IS USED TO TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL ENERGY OVER LONG DISTANCES WIRELESSLY WITH AN EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 65 %

A MEANS OF RECEIVING POWER ON EARTH

RECTENNA IS THE DEVICE WHICH IS USED IN CONVERTING THE IN COMING MICROWAVES INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

IN LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS, EFFICIENCIES OF 90% HAVE BEEN OBSERVED

WHERE TO INSTALL TRANSMITTERS

LOCATIONS OF TRANSMITTERS
Geostationary orbit Low Earth orbit Moon

GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
Geosynchronous orbit is directly above the Earth's equator with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period hence transmitter and receiver will always be in a straight line

MOON
The main reason for locating the solar power collector on the moon is that most of its mass could be constructed out of locally available lunar materials significantly reducing the amount of mass and therefore the launch costs

WHERE TO LOCATE RECEIVER ON EARTH

RECTENNAS WOULD BE MANY KILOMETERS ACROSS ARABLE LAND OR NON ARABLE LAND CAN BE USED

ADVANTAGES
standard extraterrestrial level of solar irradiance is 1367 W/m2 which is 144% more than that of terrestrial solar irradiance satellite-based solar panel can collect power 24 hours per day, whereas a terrestrial station can collect for at most 12 hours per day, if weather permits

Unlike oil, gas, ethanol, and coal plants, space solar power does not emit greenhouse gases

DISADVANTAGES
HIGH INITIAL COST
A 4 GW power station would weigh around 4000 metric tonnes. For launching this 150 heavy lift launch vehicles are needed Estimated serial launch cost for shuttle-based HLLVs of $500 million to $800 million Alternative HLLVs at $78 million, total launch costs would range between $11 billion (low cost HLLV, low weight panels) and $320 billion ('expensive' HLLV, heavier panels,)

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
When hot rocket exhaust reacts with atmospheric nitrogen, it can form nitrogen compounds These nitrogen compounds are problematic when they form in the stratosphere, as they can damage the ozone layer

SAFETY
The transmitting waves should not be so intense as to injure birds Locating rectenna near to sea shore will present serious problems like corrosion of structure, mechanical stress Exposure to the beam can be minimized in two ways On the ground physical access is controllable by fencing Protective metal shell can be used to cover planes flying through the beam

CONCLUSION
THIS TECHNOLOGY IS HIGHLY EFFICIENT AND CAN GIVE ENERGY FREE OF COST IN LATER STAGE.

THANKS
TO Mr. BULBULE DISCOVERY CHANNEL ENCARTA WIKIPEDIA